• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2015

The old Samcheok construction company housing in Donghae City was built for employees of Nitrogenous lime factory with railway construction in 1939. The 31 company houses are arranged in a rows including a House A, two No. 2 and 3 Houses, a dormitory, 12 row houses of two households, and 15 row houses of four households. At present, they are preserved with prototype at that time of building as a private company. Researching the architectural characteristics from A and No. $2{\cdot}3$ detached houses of them, the results are as follows. The tea room, living room, and kitchen are centralized and connected with toilet, bathroom, and maid's room by corridor. The exterior wall was finished with paintwork on cement mortar on stud wall framing plastered. The key exterior elements such as diamond shaped asbestos slate, large openings, corner bay window, lintel cornice are in accordance with drawings that they were first designed. The wooden roof structure is based on the structure that supports transverse load with a beam and beam plate instead of thrust. The kitchen and toilet are remodelled and only seem to be a mere shadow of their former self, but the position of sink and toilet bowl is the same as before.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제37권4호통권112호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of extracellular cellulase and xylanase from Fusarium pallidoroseum and Aspergillus niger, such as enzyme activity and stability by various pH, temperature and metal ions, for application into enzymatic deinking system. The optimal temperature and pH for enzyme activity and stability of Fusarium pallidoroseum and Aspergillus niger were $50^{\circ}C$, pH 5.0 and $60^{\circ}C$, pH 9.0, respectively. Certain metal ions, calcium and cobalt, brought to elevate cellulase and xylanase activity from F. pallidoroseum and A. niger. With these results we suggest that enzymatic deinking system should be proceed at $50\~60^{\circ}C$ under their optimal pH condition.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.79-89
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the airtightness performance of New Han-ok and to supply fundamental data for standards establishment. Air leakage testings were accomplished by means of blower door test in 26 bedrooms of 16 Han-oks located in Jeonnam happy villages. Followings are results. 1) Air change per hour at 50 Pa(ACH50) is located on 8.42~78.38. 2) No correlation between ACH50 and volumes, floor area, above grade surface area. 3) The more wood structural elements are exposed, attached spaces, wooden sliding and casement windows, the less airtightness performance. 4) An Airtightness with ACH50/20(NL, Normalized leakage) is located on 0.42~3.92 and building leakage class following F(4%), G(11%, sufficiently leaky, No need mechanical ventilation), H(4%, Need of cost-effective tightening), I(31%), J(50%) by a single-story house the normalized leakage of ASHRAE.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2019

Woolyang(月梁) is a beam which whole shape is curved like a so-called moon(月). According to the ${\ll}$Yeongjobeosig(營造法式)${\gg}$, In the case of beams installed under the ceiling of a wooden building, it is used by manufacturing them in Woolyang(月梁) for maximum visual decorative effects as the shape is exposed. In order to achieve the end of a beam that is manufacturing in Woolyang(月梁), it is important to process it in a suitable size and shape for a given situation to achieve a combination with other members around it. However, in the "營造法式", the standard of production of the Woolyang(月梁) is divided into Myeongbog(明?), Chagyeon(箚牽), Pyeonglyang(平梁), and the height of each beam head is divided into 21分$^{\circ}$, 15分$^{\circ}$, 25分$^{\circ}$, but it is not possible to look at any more specific reference. In this paper, try to consider the principle of Woolyang(月梁) manufacturing and its normative contents which were indirectly proposed in the ${\ll}$Yeongjobeosig(營造法式)${\gg}$.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2018

Raymond, who adopted Le Corbusier's Errazuris House Project, built Karuizawa Villa by incorporating Japan's aspiration for Western modern architecture and strong convictions regarding the preservation of traditional culture heritage, which were prevalent in Japan at the time. Despite the controversy over his plagiarism, Karuizawa Villa shows several unique architectural characteristics. First, in terms of the arrangement and access system, the villa has a common space that affords a view of the lake by accessing from the mountain side. Second, in terms of spatial composition, the common space is connected to the mesonnette by placing a trail to enable enjoyment of natural scenery. In particular, personal space is planned in the shape of a cross by connecting several surfaces to the outside in order to secure enjoyment of the natural environment. Lastly, in the aspect of structure and materials, both architectural buildings adopted masonry by using natural stone as well as building materials suitable for each region and climate by using logs in constructing the main columns and beams. Through Karuizawa Villa, Raymond is considered to have established his own style by combining the standard of Western modern architecture and the elements of Japanese traditional architecture while valuing local architectural technology.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 9th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.728-735
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• 2022

Roofers get exposed to increased risk of knee musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) at different phases of a sloped shingle installation task. As different phases are associated with different risk levels, this study explored the application of machine learning for automated classification of seven phases in a shingle installation task using knee kinematics and roof slope information. An optical motion capture system was used to collect knee kinematics data from nine subjects who mimicked shingle installation on a slope-adjustable wooden platform. Four features were used in building a phase classification model. They were three knee joint rotation angles (i.e., flexion, abduction-adduction, and internal-external rotation) of the subjects, and the roof slope at which they operated. Three ensemble machine learning algorithms (i.e., random forests, decision trees, and k-nearest neighbors) were used for training and prediction. The simulations indicate that the k-nearest neighbor classifier provided the best performance, with an overall accuracy of 92.62%, demonstrating the considerable potential of machine learning methods in detecting shingle installation phases from workers knee joint rotation and roof slope information. This knowledge, with further investigation, may facilitate knee MSD risk identification among roofers and intervention development.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.231-243
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• 2022

The earthquake with a magnitude of Mw 6.8, which occurred on January 24, 2020, hit Sivrice (Elazığ) province of Turkey. The earthquake area takes place on the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) located between the Arabian and Turkish plates, one of the most active seismic regions in Turkey. According to the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey (AFAD), 584 buildings collapsed, 6845 were heavily damaged, 1207 were moderately damaged, and 14389 were slightly damaged. The authors went to the region of earthquake after the mainshock to investigate the earthquake performances of masonry buildings. This paper presents the seismological aspects of the earthquake, acceleration records, and response spectra with different damping ratios. Furthermore, some typical damages and failure mechanisms on masonry buildings like rubble stone dwellings and minarets are discussed with illustrative photos. Although many major earthquakes have occurred in the region, similar mistakes are still being made in masonry building construction. In consequence, some suggestions viewpoint of the wooden tie beams, the corner details of masonry walls, the door and window openings, the metal fasteners and the earthquake codes are made to be more careful in masonry constructions at the end of the article.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2023

This study was conducted to examine the architectural characteristics of Hak-seong Lee Family's Geun-jae-gong Historic House located in Seok-cheon-ri, Ung-chon-myeon, Ulju-gun, Ulsan. The house is said to have been rebuilt in the early 20th century after it was built in the 18th century, and now there are nine buildings left, including the An-chae, Sa-rang-chae, Sa-dang, storehouses and etc. This house is a large-scale house that is difficult to find similar cases in near region. The division of areas on each building is clear, and it is evaluated that it retains the typical characteristics of the head family in the late Joseon Dynasty in terms of its overall size and layout. In addition, the current wooden structure, which is said to have been rebuilt in the early 20th century, shows the composition method and space utilization method of the 3-Dori type upper structure, which have become more diverse since the late Joseon Dynasty. This has not been dealt with in the previous survey, and should be considered in detail through this paper.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.192-214
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• 2023

목조건축문화재는 그 나라의 정체성을 보여주는 가시적인 유물 가운데 하나이다. 문화재의 원형에 대한 개념이 정확하게 이해되지 않은 상태에서도 문화재는 '원형보존' 또는 '원형유지'를 보존관리의 원칙으로 삼았다. 더구나 요즈음은 국제적인 보존원칙의 흐름을 따라 문화재를 '역사적 대상물로의 가치'로서 중요하게 생각하고 있다. 이 논문은 목조건축문화재의 원형유지를 위해 어떤 부분을 모니터링 해야 하는가의 범위와 내용을 정해 보기 위한 시도의 결과이다. 목조건축문화재의 모니터링에 있어서 첫 번째로 해야 할 부분은 지면과 기단의 상태를 점검하는 일이다. 지면과 기단은 목조건축문화재가 오랫동안 서 있을 수 있도록 모든 힘을 받아 주는 곳이기 때문이다. 따라서 기단부와 낙수의 관계, 기단부의 침하 유무, 배수로의 유무와 구배 상태 확인 등을 모니터링 하였다. 두 번째는 기둥 부분이다. 기둥 기울음의 유무, 귀솟음과 안쏠림의 기법의 유무, 기둥 치수의 변화 유무, 기둥과 초석의 변위 발생 등을 확인하는 일이다. 기둥의 불안정성은 각 부재와의 이음과 맞춤 부분의 파손을 발생시키고 이로써 벽체의 손상까지로 이어지는 물리적 변화를 초래하기 때문이다. 세 번째는 지붕의 번와 유무, 번와에 따른 신·구 기와의 점유상태, 그에 따른 편심하중의 유무, 강우·강설에 의한 기와 사이의 이격 발생, 누수의 유무를 점검하였다. 지붕은 기와의 이격이나 파손에 의해 건물 내부로 누수가 지속되면 창방 이상을 부분 해체보수 해야 하기 때문에 가급적 원형유지를 위해서 모니터링 해야 한다. 시기적으로, 상태적으로 기준이 모호한 '원형보존'이나 '원형유지'를 문화재보존의 기본으로 하였어도 당시의 모든 현상은 문화재의 '원형'으로 보아야 한다. 그렇기 때문에 문화재돌봄에 있어서 기단부, 기둥, 지붕의 모니터링 범위는 당해 문화재에 어떠한 훼손이 일어나고 있는가를 확인하는 기준점이 된다. 다시 말하면 모니터링을 시작한 그 시점의 자료는 당해 연도의 '원형'이 된다. 지금에라도 현상에 대한 기록을 남기고 그것이 어떻게 변화되고 있는지, 훼손되고 있는지의 사진, 측정값, 도면 등의 여러 자료를 남겨두어야 후대가 필요로 하는 문화재의 '원형'에 대한 정보로 활용할 수 있을 것이다. 또 문화재 원형보존을 위한 모니터링의 분석에 따른 대안을 적극 도입하여야 한다. 그리고 문화재 모니터링의 결과물인 문화재의 현재 상태 및 상황을 여러 관련 기관과 공유하여서, 문화재의 '개입'에 의한 보존보다 예방보존을 구축해 나아가야 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.785-808
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• 2016

단기간의 인공열화와 옥외폭로의 두 시험조건에 따라 나타나는 목조문화재용 방염제 성능 차이를 비교하여 인공열화시험에 대한 신뢰성을 평가하고자 하였다. 주사전자현미경 분석결과, 목재 표면에 방염제의 용융으로 인해 생성된 탄화물이 층을 형성함으로써 연소를 지연시키는 작용이 일어나는 것을 확인하였다. 2주간의 인공열화 및 6개월간의 옥외폭로 시험처리를 마친 방염처리 된 단청시편에 대해 열방출률(HRR) 및 총열방출량(THR)을 측정한 결과, 열화 전 후의 방염 성능의 변화가 거의 나타나지 않았다. 실험결과 6개월간의 옥외폭로 시편과 2주간의 인공열화(6개월의 옥외폭로에 해당한다고 추정한 조건) 시편에서 근사한 연소실험 결과 값을 얻을 수 있었다.