• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 문화재청에서 지정한 국가지정 중요목조문화재 124곳 중 중요사찰목조문화재 80곳에 대하여 2008년 6월부터 12월까지 각 사찰에 대해 현지조사와 사찰을 관장하는 각 관할소방서에 대한 화재진압 매뉴얼의 자료조사를 실시하였다. 조사내용은 문화재지정구분, 소재지구분, 사찰부지면적, 사찰 내 건축면적, 지정문화재의 건축면적, 화재발생시 화재진압을 위한 소방차의 진입방향, 소방관서와의 거리, 방화관리자의 지정현황을 조사하였다. 또한, 각 사찰의 문화재보유특성에는 사찰경내의 목조건물이 중요목조문화재로 지정이 되어 있는 경우와 석탑, 불상, 탱화, 종, 석등, 부도, 현판, 주련 등이 보유문화재로 지정되어 있어 각 문화재를 유형별로 이동 운반이 가능한 소산문화재와 이동 운반이 불가능한 불소산문화재로 분류 조사하였으며, 각 문화재의 재질을 조사하여 화재발생시 신속한 초기 대응과 문화재 피해 최소화를 위한 기초 연구결과를 정리하였다.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권21호
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• pp.5-55
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• 2000

The cultural properties are damaged by various causes according to the characteristics of material, the condition of preservation, and the period of time. Especially, biodeterioration makes lots of damages in organic properties than inorganic ones. The damages of wooden cultural properties by insects usually are caused by the three orders; Isoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. As the result of investigation on the state of 141 buildings of wooden cultural properties in 1999, some of them were damaged by many kinds off actors; wasp, powder post beetle, cigarette beetle, termite, decay, and physical cracking. And it was found that the patterns of damages were related to species-specific habits of insects. There are several methods of pest control for the prevention of wooden cultural properties from damages caused by insects. Those are as follows; physical control, chemical control, biological control, and integrated pest management. When insects and fungi were detected at the wooden buildings, the fumigation is best treatment to stop biodeterioration. And then, wood materials also need to be treated with insecticidal and antiseptic chemicals to avoid a reinfestation, because the fumigant is volatile. The six commercial chemicals which are applied to the insecticidal and antiseptic treatment of wooden cultural properties were purchased to test their abilities. According to the comparative results of efficacy of them in laboratory, chemical D showed excellent efficacy in all items, including antiseptic and termiticidal items. The goal of these pest controls is to protect wooden buildings from insects and microorganisms. The most effective method used currently is chemical control(fumigation, insecticidal and anticeptic chemical treatment), but it has to be treated periodically to control pest effectively. Recently environmentally-friendly control methods such as bait system or biological treatments are replacing traditional barrier treatments using large amounts of chemicals. Especially, termite is a social insect which makes a colony. Although a building with fumigation treatment is safe for a while, once attacked building has a risk of damage by reinfestation of termite. Therefore, to control termites from damaged building, the entire colony including reproductives(queen and king) and larvae around buildings must beeliminated. Bait system can be used as a preventive measure in early detection of them through termites colony monitoring and baiting. It would be the most effective for termite control if bait system would be used together with the chemical controls.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 문화재청에서 지정한 123개 목조문화재를 대상으로 소방대책을 고려한 실태조사 및 분석을 다음과 같이 실시하였다. 첫째 우리나라 목조문화재의 관리 및 원인별 화재발생현황을 조사하여 정리하였다. 둘째, 123개의 중요목조문화재에 대하여 2008년 8월부터 10월까지 현장조사 및 유관기관 자료조사를 실시하여 문화재의 지정구분, 소재지구분, 해당건축면적, 보유문화재수, 소방시설현황, 소방차의 진입방향, 자위소방대 인원, 방화관리자 선임여부, 소방서와의 거리 및 소요시간 등의 소방대책 마련에 필요한 내용들을 조사 분석하여 중요목조문화재의 기본현황을 정리하였다. 셋째, 위의 조사 자료를 기본으로 123개 중요목조문화재의 화재발생을 고려한 위험도를 살펴보고자 문화재의 내부적 현황과 외부적 현황으로 구분하여 평균지수에 의해 분석하고 우리나라 중요목조문화재의 소방대책수립을 위한 기초자료를 정리하였다.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권22호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2001

The wooden building is mainly damaged by the termite which have an effect of the structure by making emptied inner part of wood. One class, Japanese termite, inhabits throughout Korea and is often detected. So the deterioration by termite attacking the wooden building needs to be controlled. Termites are over 2,800 species in the world, usually they inhabit in the tropical or subtropical region and don’t over winter in dormant condition. So their activity and distribution are chiefly restricted by temperature and humidity. The termite inhabiting in Korea is Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis Morimoto, which known to have an optimal temperature range at $12~30^{\circ}C$ and minimum temperature at $6^{\circ}C$ for activation. These temperatures correspond to the mean temperature($5.6^{\circ}C$~$25.8^{\circ}C$) from March to November and the activity time of termitein Seoul. In addition, as a result of environmental pollution by industrial development, the climate of Korea is getting warm. The increase of mean temperature in Korea has been $1.1^{\circ}C$ for the past seventy five years, so it is expected that the damage of wooden building by termite will increase gradually. Therefore, in order to protect wooden building from damages by termite, it needs not only development of new pest control methods, but also studies on the control of environmental factors having an effect on the activity and growth of termite. For the conservation of the large cultural properties such as the wooden building in the open air, it would be effective to use the methods of fumigation, insecticidal and antiseptic chemical treatment of wood materials, soil termiticideinjection treatment, and termite colony elimination system.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2010

국내에 서식하는 지중흰개미는 목재 내부에 공동화 현상이 발생되어 붕괴가 일어나기 직전까지도 외관상 특별한 변화가 발견되지 않는다. 이러한 흰개미의 활성을 비파괴적으로 측정하는 기술은 현재 국내에 적용된 사례가 없었다. 따라서 본 연구는 극초단파 탐지 장비(Termatrac, Australia)를 이용하여 목조 문화재의 비파괴 진단 기술을 정립하고자 한다. 연구 결과, 소나무의 경우 16cm(민감도 5, 6), 느티나무와 Douglas fir의 경우 17cm(민감도 5, 6)까지 측정이 가능하여 국내 대부분의 목조 건축물에 적용이 가능할 것으로 판단되었다. 현장조사 결과 전국 목조건축물 231동 중 33.8%가 흰개미에 의한 손상을 입었으며, 7.8%인 총 18개 건물에서 흰개미 가해가 진행 중인 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과를 통해 목조 문화재의 비파괴 분석법으로서 적용이 가능할 것이라 예상된다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.103-118
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• 2005

This study is about the meaning of wooden brackets that are distinctive elements of wooden architecture in Korea, Japan, and China. Existing studies about wooden brackets have been limited to the boundary of formalism, so the object of this study is to make a breakthrough in the field of those studies. The Wooden brackets in this study are considered to be decorative elements, and the principles of their design are examined. The specific subject of the study is wooden architecture with Jusimpo-styled brackets that have brackets only on pillars. The definition of Jusimpo is reexamined first, and ChulMok-Ikkong which has not been regarded as a Jusimpo-styled wooden bracket is interpreted as Jusimpo-styled one in this study. Categorized into three types, Jusimpo is examined how it is expressed according to the type of the roof in a building. In view of the results, the wooden bracket system is an effective technique to express the formality, and two designing principles can be seen in Jusimpo; one that wooden brackets observed externally are standardized and regarded as the same ones, and the other that the style of wooden brackets used in the most formal building is Yi-ChulMok. These designing principles mean that the carpenter who was in charge of building the architecture had certain principles when expressing wooden brackets as well as the roofs according to the class of the architecture. In addition, although the styles of wooden brackets that were used in the most formal architecture during the Chosun period were mostly Dapo, Jusimpo in the form of Yi-ChulMok was also adopted in some temples depending on their scale, and that means Jusimpo-styled wooden brackets were never considered to be inferior to Dapo-styled ones. And this point leaves the argument that the reexamination of Jusimpo-styled wooden brackets which have been regarded as the style used in the attached building or small structures since the Choun dynasty should be conducted.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권23호
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• pp.77-93
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• 2002

There are several methods of pest control for the prevention of wooden cultural properties from damages caused by insects, especially termites. Those are as follows; physical control, chemical control, biological control, and integrated pest management. In Korea, we primarily use mvestigation of monitoring, fumigation, treatment of insecticidal and antiseptic chemicals, soil termiticide treatment, and termite colony elimination system. As damages by termites were detected at Eunghyanggak and Saundang of Haeinsa temple in June, 1998, we carried out monitoring with wooden device, in order to investigate damages of wooden building by termite and paths of termite invasion. According to the result of investigation of monitoring from1999 to 2002, we found that termites were inhabiting continually at forests around Haeinsa and that wooden buildings such as Saundang, Cheonghwadang were damaged by termites. So we thought that control methods such as soil termiticide treatment and termite colony elimination system would be effective. Especially, to investigate efficacy of termite colony elimination system, we carried out efficacy test of termite colony elimination system in Jongmyo during 17 months(2000.7.~2001.11.). The result of efficacy test showed that termite colony elimination system eliminated termite colonies gradually(over 12 months from installation of colony elimination system to elimination of termite colony).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.64-72
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• 2007

팔만대장경판을 보관하고 있는 장경판전 내부의 판가 기둥에 대하여 생물적 열화 특성을 조사 연구하였다. 장경판전의 법보전과 수다라장의 판가기둥을 대상으로 연구 검토한 결과, 서가의 위치 및 부위 그리고 주변 환경에 따라 다양한 열화 현상이 있음이 밝혀졌다. 부재의 주요 열화는 미생물에 의한 부후현상으로 밝혀졌으나, 부후가 나타난 부분들은 초석에 접촉된 부위였으며 부후 정도가 매우 극심한 상태를 보였다. 법보전 판가기둥 부후가 더 심했다. 부후형은 백색부후형이 많았다. 그리고 일부판가기둥에서는 곰팡이류의 표면오염이 극심한 것으로 나타났다. 특히 동북, 서북, 북향에 위치한 부재에 더 심한 열화가 나타났으며 건물내부의 전면보다는 후면에 위치한 판가 부재의 부후가 심한 것으로 밝혀졌다 해충에 의한 피해는 거의 없었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.104-111
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• 2015

목조건축물 주변 화재방제구역에서 벌채된 후 방치된 20기의 그루터기를 3년간 조사한 결과 흰개미 군체가 빠른 속도로 확산되고 있음을 확인하였다. 특히 송광사 경내 전체 31개 목조건축물 중 4개 동에서 흰개미에 의한 손상이 진행중인 것이 확인되어 서식지가 화재방제라인을 넘어 사찰 내부로 확산되고 있음을 확인하였다. 특히 극초단파 탐지장비를 이용한 조사를 통해 현재까지도 내부 손상이 진행 중인 것으로 확인되어 위험성이 매우 높았다. 따라서 정비되지 못한 화재방제구역은 오히려 목조문화재의 잠재적인 위해요소로서 작용하고 있다. 따라서 방화선 구축사업으로 인해 발생된 목재 및 그루터기의 효율적인 제거 방안이 요구된다.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2020

Wood is one of the main materials of wooden building. Hanok also uses wood as its main component. Recently, Hanok continues to be built. Wood is affected by the climatic environment. The growth of decay bacteria is activated at more than 80% relative humidity. The microclimate environment and moisture content were measured for architectural cultural properties that have been maintained for a long time as a wooden building. The method analyzed the measured data by distinguishing between cloudy and sunny days. In the case of the old house, Anchae moisture content was higher than that of Sarangchae. This seems to be due to the narrow front yard or the planting of trees. The microclimate environment inside the house began to decrease in humidity from 8 am. According to the survey data, the relative humidity was less than 80% from 9 am when there was wind around 4-6 am. It appeared an hour earlier than in the absence of wind. As a result, the time interval for dehumidifying of wood was widened. Therefore, the wooden building is open to the front so there is airflow under the eaves during the daytime and wind in the morning appear to be alternatives in order to lower the moisture content.