• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.223-228
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• 1991

일본(日本) 내량시(奈良市)에 있는 법륭사(法隆社)는 6세기(世紀)에 백제(百濟)로부터 불교(佛敎)가 전해진 후 가장 불교문화(文化)가 융성할 때 그 주도적(主導的)인 인물(人物)인 성덕태자(聖德太子)에 의해 건립되었으나 모든 면(面)에서 백제, 신라, 고구려 삼국(三國)의 영향을 받아 현재까지 보존되고 있으며 그 중(中)에서도 태자사후(太子死後) 1300년(年) 이상 기제(忌祭)를 매년(每年) 시작되었던 때 모습 그대로 전승 실현되고 있어서 그 공물(供物)을 통해서 한반도에서 영향을 미친 점 한편으로는 한반도 고대식문화(古代食文化)를 추정하는데 좋은 자료와 참고가 되리라고 본다. 1. 13배어선(杯御膳), 5배어선(杯御膳) 3중병(重餠) 어불반(御佛飯)과 대산립(大山立)이 양쪽으로 장엄하게 차려진 공물(供物)은 그 시대로서는 진품(珍品)으로 식품의 종류나 조리법이 총동원된 행사였고 전체적인 특징은 고배기(高杯器)에 고배(高排)음식 형식으로 현재 일본(日本)에서는 古代(古代)로부터 전승되어오는 수개(數個)의 절과 신사(神社)외에는 찾아볼 수 없지만 한반도는 아직도 무속식(巫俗食), 불공(佛供), 각종(各種) 제사(祭祀) 그리고 가정행사인 돐상, 회갑(回甲)상, 혼례식 등에서 남아있고 이조시대(李朝時代)는 궁중상(宮中床)차림에서 흔히 볼 수 있었다. 그러므로 고배기(高杯器)에서 고배(高排)형식은 고대(古代)로부터의 한반도 식문화의 특징이었음을 알 수 있다. 2. 병(餠)에 있어서는 찹쌀보다 멥쌀가루를 많이 사용한 점으로 보아 한반도(韓半島) 기호(嗜好)의 특성과 상통하며 어불반(御佛飯)은 시루떡의 전초적인 과정(過程)으로 본다. 3. 13배어선(杯御膳)의 각종(各種) 산야(山野)열매는 후에 과일로 대치도 되었지만 각색과자(各色菓子), 각색당(各色糖) 등의 제조발달에 따라 적(赤), 황(黃), 녹(綠), 백색(白色)을 기본으로 장식하게 되었다. 4. 색면(索麵)이라는 가늘은 국수는 밀과 함께 국수제조법이 전래되어 귀한 식품으로서 제사에 쓰여졌으리라 본다. 5. 대산립(大山立)에 시양(枾揚)는 과자는 멥쌀가루를 튀긴 것이 특징이나 후에 튀기기 쉽고 맛이 좋은 밀가루로 변한 것이 아닌가 추정되며 모든 과자의 원조로 본다. 할죽(割竹)에 매달은 극락으로의 기원을 뜻하는 봉황새는 멧떡으로 만들었는데 현재까지 전통음식 중의 하나로 전라남도 지방에서 꽃떡위에 꽃이나 열매떡을 매달은 나무가지를 꽂아서 장식하는 것으로 보아 같은 재료 같은 형식으로 본다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.113-130
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• 1998

This is a study on the ㄱ-shaped church in Korean Protestant churches. Since the Protestantism had been introduced into Korea, the style of ㄱ-shaped church was the popular style that have been fashioned in all the country of Korea. When the Protestantism was introduced into Korea, ideology which ruled over the Society of Chosun Dynasty was the Confucianism that emphasized the precepts, for example, the loyalty for the King, distinction between the sexes and so on. The Korean Protestants built the church which had ㄱ-shaped plan, so that they solved the second problem : 'distinction between the sexes'. The style of the ㄱ-shaped church is one of the characteristics which distinguish the Korean church from other nations'. Actually the ㄱ-shaped churches had been built by Korean Protestant denominations, from the early days of introducing the Protestantism till the end of 1920's. Even though most of the style of the ㄱ-shaped church is replaced with the modern style according to the extension of religious influence, luckily the ㄱ-shaped two churches : Kumsan Church(1908), Toodong Church(1929) are in existence in the Provice of ChonBuk. The purpose of this study is to make the architectural characteristics of the ㄱ-shaped church clear. This study is based on the actual survey of the ㄱ-shaped churches in existence: Kumsan Church, the Toodong Church and on the documents, photographs, interviews and so on for investigation not existing one now. The ㄱ-shaped church have the plan to separate men's side from women's with a right angle and have a pulpit which was placed at the meeting point of the front part of men's and women's sides. Generally, seen from the court, the churches have men's side in left and women's one in right. There was a screen blocking both sides in the church. But it disappeared in 1920's according to the change of the social conventionality. Most of its structural form is the Korean wooden style. The ㄱ-shaped church appeared in a transition period of the Korean church architecture.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.23-34
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to spread the public recognition for the style of Islamic dress has been ignorantly left and provide this as the basic data for Islamic fashion design. This treatise restricts the Islamic scope into the southeast Asia and confuted the study referring to Islam related books, treatise, domestic and foreign fashion magazines as well as newspaper articles, Internet and screen materials. The study results are as follows: Commonly Islam as a term of religious scope means complex cultural body based on Islam. 1. The Islamic social and cultural images were categorized as (1) conservative and sexual (2) simple, static, decorative and rhythmical (3) dark, violent, bright and amusing image. 2. Islamic nations' style of dress was characterized (1) surface decorative dress (2) practical outer garment (3) trousers style. 3. Both men and women basically put on trousers in children's stories and animations. In case of women, they wear skirts and according a social standing, tunic and caftan style jackets. As for men and women, Dey both wear turbans or chadors but in particular, wealthy classes put on a distinguishable turbans and chadors with splendid accessories. 4. The characteristics of Islamic fashion are lace decoration around a sleeve and the waist or blouse and harem pants with a elastic cord. In addition, they are splendid necklace and ring earings looking old, accessories with big pendants and dragging belts. These examples are shown in collections and streets.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.576-584
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• 2013

Increasing numbers of Korean adults, especially women, are adopting vegetarian diets for various reasons. In this study, the characteristics of vegetarianism among females residing in Seoul were examined. In addition, the dietary habits and eating behaviors between vegetarians and non-vegetarians were investigated. A total of 148 females (73 vegetarians, 75 non-vegetarians) were recruited and questionnaires regarding their demographic characteristics and eating habits were completed. The eating behavior and daily intake of food groups was assessed using the three factor eating questionnaire-R18 (TFEQ-R18) and food frequency questionnaire, respectively. The ages, BMI, education, and religious affiliation were not significantly different between the two groups. More than 30% of vegetarians had followed a vegetarian diet for longer than 24 months. The most common motivations for vegetarianism in study participants were 'health or weight control' (46.6%) followed by 'environmental concerns or animal welfare' (24.7%). Vegetarians had a lower intake of cereals, Kimchi, and soda, but a higher intake of potatoes and sweet potatoes, vegetables, mushrooms, seaweed, and fruits compared to non-vegetarians. Significant differences in eating behavior scores were also found between the two groups; in particular, vegetarians reported higher levels of restrained eating and emotional eating than non-vegetarians. Scores of uncontrolled eating, however, were not significantly different between the two groups. In conclusion, these results suggest that while vegetarianism is associated with healthy dietary habits, it is associated with restrained eating behaviors which may increase the risk of eating disorders in women.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.19-41
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• 2016

This study examines the human capital, economic capital, and psychological factors that influence social participation among the elderly in the future. The data, 'Survey on the Elderly in 2014', were collected from 'The Ministry of Health & Welfare' and the 'Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs'. The samples included 10,279 elderly people who were over 65 years of age. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the research model. The findings are as follows. First, the highest participation awareness level of all was for the hobbies and leisure activities, and the lowest participation awareness level was for volunteer activities. Second, human capital factors such as age, education level, and health status, and economic capital factors such as household consumption expenditure and standard of living signigicant affected social participation awareness among the elderly. Psychological factors such as self-esteem, depression, and the subjective age of becoming elderly, also affected the social participation awareness. Third, awareness differed by sex. In particular, age and depression were restrictions of social participation awareness that were more common among elderly women than among elderly men, although single women were more likely to participate in religious, learning, and hobby and leisure activities. In contrast, chronic diseases and household consumption expenditures were more restrictive of social participation awareness among elderly men compared to elderly women. These results show that human capital, economic capital, and psychological factors heavily influence the social participation awareness of the elderly, although the degree of influence of these factors differs by sex.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 1976

In recent years, explosive increase in population has been damaging mankind in terms of deprivation of natural resources and more of economical demands. Therefore, we have thought about problems as to counter-balance the increasing population, and reached a resolution of artificial methods of controlling birth. In the past, though now used in some of contraceptive methods, extravaginal ejaculation, condom were commonly used. But recently, pills, IUD and several kinds of operative procedures are quite popular. Though the recent methods are known to be effective compared with the traditional methods, a certain unwanted side effects as well as limited value of usages now must be discussed. On this aspect, we are trying to research for a ideal methods such as symptom free, more of natural way of family planning and try to zero the failure rate. And also it has been suggested that only if those scientific methods of controlling birth can be base on religious concepts of moral being, it will be enlightened. At the Happy Family Planning Clinic of St. Mary's Hospital, we apply Billing's ovulation method to out-patients who want contraception and usually advise them to use it on a self-care basis. For a retrospective study of the presurvey data analysis and use-effectiveness of the ovulation method from April 1, 1975 to Nov., 30, 1975, we have dealt with a total of 1,383 women (urban areas 465, rural areas 918). The results of preliminary survey were as follows; 1) Among 465 women in Seoul areas, the failure rate was 10.3, which signified unplanned pregnancies of 32 women. 27 of the 32 women were pregnant due to the users own failure and the remaing 5 due to the failure of the method. Therefore, the failure of the method accounted for 1.6. 2) Among 918 women in rural areas, the failure rate was 15.2 signifing unplanned pregnancies in 93 women. The cause of the failure in 81 of the 93 women was attributable to the user's own mistake and that in the remaing 12 to the default of the method. Therefore, the failure attributable to the method accounted for 2.0.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.71-103
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• 2013

본 연구는 농촌지역에 거주하는 결혼이주여성의 한국생활 경험에 대한 인식을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 경기도와 인천에 거주하는 이주여성을 대상으로 자기기입 방식으로 설문조사를 하였다. 수집한 자료는 SAS(Statistical Analysis System) 활용하여 빈도분석, 백분율, 평균, 표준편차 등의 기술통계방법을 사용하였다. 연구결과에서 이주여성들의 절반이상은 자신들의 생활에 만족하고 있으며, 남편과의 만족도 높은 수준으로 나타났다. 자녀교육에 대한 인식에서 가장 어려운 점은 학습지도이며, 자녀에게 가장 필요한 지원은 기초 교과지도, 자녀교육의 문제해결 방법으로 방과 후 학교교육 활성화와 언어소통으로 나타났다. 한국생활에서 힘든 점은 언어문제이며, 차별받은 장소는 공공장소로 나타났다. 한국사회에 적응하는데 가장 필요한 도움은 언어소통, 자녀교육, 지역사회 적응의 문제가 같은 수준으로 나타났다. 자주 참여하는 모임이나 활동은 종교단체, 모국친구 모임이며, 어려울 때 의논하는 사람은 한국인, 모국인 순서로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과에 따라 농촌지역 결혼이주 여성들이 지역사회와 한국사회에 잘 적응하여 자녀들을 잘 양육할 수 있는 기틀을 지역사회와 한국사회는 제도적으로 잘 마련하며 또한 기초 프로그램을 더욱 활성화 시켜야 할 것이다.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제17권
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• pp.173-196
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• 2004

Miroku belief observed in Japanese folklore and popular religions is originated from the faith in a bodhisattva called Miroku (Maitreya) who, depending on Buddhist account, is supposed to appear in this world to save all mankind. This faith, together with the millenarianism inherent in it, was disseminated into many areas of East and Southeast Asia. It developed in various ways, being associated with the religious tradition of each area where it was accepted. In Japanese folklore and popular religions the aspiration for the "World of Miroku", the ideal world expected to be realized in the future, has been its most notable feature. This paper examines the notion of the "World of Miroku" developed in the cult of Mount Fuji in early modern Japan. In particular this paper focuses on the "World of Miroku" appearing in the teachings of Fuji-ko and Fujido, which were the organizations of lay believers. Through the examination this paper made the following facts clear. (1) The notion of the "World of Miroku" developed by Fuji-ko and Fujido had its bases in Miroku belief of Japanese folklore. (2) However the notion of the "World of Miroku" in the teachings of Fuji-ko and Fujido was quite different from that of the folklore. While the "World of Miroku" appearing in the folklore is characterized by good harvest and abundant gold and silver, Fuji-ko and Fujido leaders thought that all people, including the emperor and the shogun, would earnestly carry out their house business, do their best to promote the happiness of the others, and pray for the salvation of all mankind in the "World of Miroku". (3) The notion about the changes of the world, which was particular to Fuji-ko and Fujido, accounts for such development in the concept of the "World of Miroku". According to the notion the current world was recognized as the second stage, between the original world in the past and the "World of Miroku" in the future, in the history of human beings. This idea helped the leaders of Fuji-ko and Fujido to develop the theories of world renewal, in which the wrong doings of the rulers and poor morality of the people were to be corrected in the "World of Miroku". (4) One of the most important features of the "World of Miroku" was the equality between men and women according to the teachings of Fujido. Both Fuji-ko and Fujido had opposed to the prevailing view of women, in which women were regarded as being sinful and polluted. Fujido further tried to improve the status of women in their families and the society. (5) In accordance with such an innovatory view, Fujido challenged the custom of excluding women from sacred places, Mount Fuji in particular. Through clarifying these facts this paper shows that Miroku belief could function as a basis for developing the ideas concerning the world renewal in early modern Jap

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.339-356
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors which influence the college student sex behavior. The results can be used as the basis to establish health polices and a health promotion program to reduce the risks of sexual behavior of college students. The study subjects were random selected from college students in Kyonggido. The 335 subjects were selected from 4 schools including three colleges and one university. The self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 350 students, 335 of which were analyzed (after excluding the 15 incomplete or inaccurate data). The study took place between December 7-19, 1998. Regarding the analysis method, the SPSS program was used. The relationship between social and demographic characteristics and relevant factors was identified through Chi-squared test. The major findings of the study were follows: 1. Of the 335 respondents, thirty seven percent of men and ten percent of women had already experienced sexual intercourse. Significantly more males had experienced sexual experience than women. The majority of students, living with both their parents had less sexually experience than that living without their parents. There were religious differences, that students who believed in buddhism had more sexual experience than christian or catholic students. Students who reported drinking alcohol frequently had more sexual experience than those who didn't and it was statistically significant (${\chi}^2=47.6$ df=4 p=0.000). 2. Sexual awareness was relatively low. High level group of sex knowledge were less sexual experience than middle or low level group (${\chi}^2=6.038$ df=2 p=0.049). Women were more sexually aware than men (${\chi}^2=20.814$ df=2 p=0.000). Groups who had sisters and brothers were more sexually aware than those who few sisters and brothers. 3. Sixty one percent of respondents said that chastity before marriage should be kept but twenty four percent of them felt that it was unnecessary. Opponents to chastity before marriage had more sex experience than those for. It was statistically significant (${\chi}^2=48.967$ df=2 p=0.000). Those who agreed with the questionnaire point 'Even if people are not married, if they love each other, they can have sexual intercourse.' had more sexual intercourse than those who didn't agree. Those who agreed with the questionnaire point 'Even though people doesn't like, they can still have sexual intercourse.' had more sexual intercourse than those who disagree. On this point, men were three times higher of the opinion than women. So we can see the difference in the perception between men and women. As a result of this study, sexual awareness influences sexual attitudes and sexual attitudes influence sexual awareness influences sexual activity includes poor knowledge and uninformed attitudes about sex. Therefore sex education is needed and it is very important to reestablish concepts about sex.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제39권
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• pp.180-209
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• 1999

이 연구는 아내강간이란 단독주제로는 선구적 연구로 아내강간의 발생정도, 관련 사회계층적 배경, 성장시 가정폭력 배경, 그리고 아내강간에 대한 인식조사에 연구의 초점을 두었다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같이 요약된다. 우리나라 기혼남성들 중 약 42.4%가 아내강간을 경험한 것으로 나타났다. 가계의 월수입이 적고, 어릴 때 부모로부터의 학대경험이 많은 남성이 아내강간 경향이 높고, 아내가 신앙생활에 열심일수록 남편의 아내강간 행동이 다소 감소되는 경향이 발견되었다. 한편 아내가 남편으로부터 강간을 당하는 중요한 변수가 경제생활 수준으로 확인되어, 아내강간 발생을 예측하는 데 현재 부부의 재정상황이 상당히 중요하게 관련되어 있음을 시사해 주고 있다. 남녀 성별간에는 아내강간에 대한 수용정도와 처벌의 필요성에 뚜렷한 차이를 보이고 있다. 아내강간의 행동에 대해 많은 기혼남성과 기혼여성이 부정적인 시각을 가지고 있으나, 여전히 상당수의 기혼남성과 여성이 아내강간에 대해 수용적이었다. 특히 아내강간을 상대적으로 많이 경험한 남성보다 남편으로부터 강간을 상대적으로 더 많이 경험한 여성이 아내강간에 대한 문제의식이 약해져 아내강간을 훨씬 더 수용하고 있는 현상은 심각한 문제로 제기되고 있으며, 사회사업실천을 위한 중요한 함의를 던져 주고 있다.