• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.893-901
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• 2014

A certain number of products are sold each month and some of them are returned for repair. In this study both return rate and cumulative return rate are shown on the graph to show the general trend of how many products are returned as time goes by. Next this type of summary data can be considered as a conglomeration of both left and right censored data. So reliability analysis is attempted for this type of summary data. Lastly, left censored data can be traced to find the exact time period during which the product has been claimed. In that case the left censored data can be taken as failure data. So similar type of reliability analysis is attempted for the resulting right censored data.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.83-97
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• 2024

A plantar pressure mat with visual notifications was developed to confirm whether individuals can effectively balance themselves and correct imbalances. The sensor-embedded mat was made with a commercial yoga mat, and was tested on seven working women in their 30s to determine plantar pressure distribution when standing and squatting, and if they could recognize and correct imbalances with visual feedback. The study found that visual notifications significantly changed the plantar pressure ratio of the forefoot and hindfoot, as well as the left and right foot plantar pressure ratio. Without notifications, the center of gravity was more concentrated in the rear foot than the forefoot in both standing and squatting positions. Visual notifications showed that the center of gravity, which was largely focused on the rear foot, was distributed to the forefoot, resulting in a more evenly distributed center of gravity throughout the sole. For the change in left and right plantar pressure, the weight that was largely loaded on the left side was distributed to the right foot through the visual notification mat, confirming a more balanced plantar pressure.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of high heeled shoes on the static & dynamic balance performance and electromyography(EMG) of back and lower extremity muscles. Materials & Methods : Sixteen women participated in this study. Subjects were composed two groups with LL shoes group and higher heel shoes group. We carried out Romberg's test and muscle activity of left and right Paraspinalis, Quadriceps femoris, Tibialis anterior, Gastrocnemius muscles by EMG in order to determine static balance performance according heel height. Using by Biorescue(Incenierie company), we trained subject to transfer of COG each direction(Anterior, posterior, Right, Left), we carried out this test for distance, surface, distance/surface in order to determine dynamic balance performance according heel height. The data were analyzed by independent t-test between lower and high heel height using SPSS(ver. 17.0)/PC program. Results : There was significant difference of distance(p<.05) of weight perturbation between lower and high group in dynamic balance performance and EMG value of left Gastrocnemius(p<.05), both Tibialis anterior(p<.05) muscle in static balance performance. Conclusions : Height of heel has effect on dynamic balance performance in distance of the Anterior, posterior direction. EMG of Gastrocnemius and Tibialis anterior muscles were affected by Romberg's test.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.81-96
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• 1995

This study was intended to provide women who are supposed to experience childbirth with effective nursing care exploring the childbirth experience. The purpose of this paper is to give an answer to the question of what the childbirth experience is, and phenomenological method has been used for that purpose. 17 primiparous mothers right after delivery in one university hospital of J city were served as subjects for this research. Data were collected June to October, 1993 through in depth interview with subjects using unstructured and open questions about the childbirth experience. Van Kaam's phenomenological analysis method was used for the analysis of the data. The results of the study are summarized as follows : The contents of the experience which primiparous mothers had undergone through childbirth were pain, fear, worry, relief, lightness, thankfulness, unsatisfactory, unreality, holiness for a new life, identifying the meaning of life, becoming a mother. 1. Experience before delivery Mothers experienced pain, fear, worry, unsatisfactory, relief, and thankfulness before delivery. Subjects' descriptions about the pain appeared to be various ; unbearable pain, bearable pain, anticipated pain. And their reactions were also various ours ; some endured pain, sought alternative method i.e., surgery, didn't want to reexperience it, or accepted it as women's fate. Subjects experienced fear for anticipated pain, suffering pain, and possible delayed delivery progress and were worried about delivery progress and baby wellbeing. Also, Subjects were unsatisfied with professionals' unfaithful attitude, their spouses' absence, and the ignorance of their pain. But subjects became relieved at the accustomed surroundings, good progress of delivery, support of family, care of professionals and support of other family. And they expressed their thanks to the professionals and family members for doing their best and also to their mothers who gave birth to them. 2. Experience after delivery Subjects experienced lightness, thankfulness, unsatisfactory, worry, unreality, holiness for a new life, identifying the meaning of life, becoming a mother after delivery. Mothers experienced lightness from the fact that it is over, and freshness right after delivery. They were thankful that they delivered vaginally and had an easy delivery. Subjects who delivered female baby were unsatisfied and some were worried about rearing the baby. By confessing, "I have no specific feeling, I am very confused, It is unrealistic, I feel strange", they expressed the unrealistic aspect of childbirth experience. Subjects felt holiness for a new life for novelty and birth of life. They identified the meaning of life from the fact that they felt worthy, fulfilled their duty, had their own baby, accomplished an important affair. After they experienced what it is to be a mother, they realized with it is being a mother and had a rearing expectation for the baby. The results of the study will provide basic data for caring the childbearing women.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1999

The quadriceps angle (Q angle) has been used to reflect the quadriceps muscle's force on the patella in the frontal plane. Previous investigations of the Q angle and it's relationship to knee disorders have yield equivocal results. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors related to the Q angle and it's relation to other variables such as leg length, body weight, CTA (calcaneus to tibia angle), TOA (toe out angle), and pelvic width in normal subjects. The participants were 60 students (30 men and 30 women) who had no orthopedic and neurological impairments, aged from 20 to 29 years of age, with an average age of 22.1 years. Prior to participation, each subject was informed of the procedures of the experiment from a researcher and assistant researchers. The equipment used in this study were modified standard goniometer, ruler, marking pen, and Martin apparatus for pelvic width. In order to determine the statistical significance of the experiment, regression analysis, independent t-test, and Pearson correlation were used at the 0.05 level. The results were as follows: 1) It was found that the Q angle of women is greater than that of men's from both knees. 2) There was no significant difference between right and left quadriceps angle. 3) The Q angle decreased as the body weight (leg length) shifted from low to high. 4) It seems that factors related to the Q angle were body weight, CTA, and pelvic width, but there was no significant difference at the 0.05 level.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.3 s.162
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• pp.351-363
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• 2007

Most of the proceeded research of jogories in the Goryeo era are about the total clothing system of the men and women's dress and not many have studied of the developing process of the jeogories specific structures. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to figure out the origin and the alteration of a git, gil, seop and gorem which forms a jeogori after the Unified Shilla era. The range of this study os from 918 to 1392, Goryeo era and 80 pieces 7 portraits and 5 Buddhist relics were for references. This study reached the following conclusions. First, oat git, gil, seop, somae and gorem forms the Goryeo era's jogori. Second, as the length of the joegori got shorter then the past, the ryeongem also got shorter and changed to an oatgit. Third, as most of the opening side of the jeogori started to fix on the right. Forth, an extra cloth attached on the gil developes a seep that be originates in Unified Shilla when get shoter. Fifth, there were wide and very long sleeves that came all the way down to the hand, narrow sleeves and long sleeves. Sixth, Goryeo era's jeogori had ribbons and cloth buttons to fix the form instead of a belt.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1821-1828
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• 2009

The purpose of this research was to investigate how the plyometric training and weight training program, applied in the field for exercise performance of throwing players, influenced improvement of athletic abilities, including agility, maximum muscular power, and strength. After implementing plyometric training and weight training to 21 high school throwing players for 10 weeks, we designed the next step. The 21 subjects were divided into two groups - women's group and men's group. All subjects were tested to determine agility using sidestep, burpee test, reaction time, lower body power and strength using standing long jump, standing jump, 30 m running, squats and leg presses. Additionally, isokinetic strength was measured using Cybex isokinetic dynamometer. The results showed that both groups demonstrated improvement in the standing long jump, standing jump and 30 m running after training. Particularly, the women's group indicated better improvement. Second, women's groups showed higher improvement in the sidestep and burpee test. However, in the reaction time test, the men's group indicated better improvement. Third, both groups showed better improvement in squats and leg presses after training. Particularly, the women's group indicated better improvement. Fourth, in the left and right side extension torque and flexion torque at a velocity of $60^{\circ}$/sec, both groups showed better improvement after training. In the left side extension peak torque, the men's group showed higher improvement, but the women's group showed higher improvement in the left side flexion and extension peak torque. Fifth, both groups showed better improvement in bench pressing and back strength after training. Particularly, the women's group indicated higher improvement.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2016

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of different heel heights on gait deviation and balance. Method : Participants were 16 women majoring in physical therapy in Kyungbuk college, located in Yeong-ju, North Kyungsang Province. Balance and gait patterns were measured by Good Balance and GAIT Rite. Result : Statistically significant differences were found in swing right measured by Gait-rite, and also in Analyze End, Ant-post, Med-Lat, and gait ability score(p < .05) regarding dynamic balance ability. Conclusion : There was no statistically significant difference in gait ability between those who walked barefoot and highheeled. However, balance ability was different "between them". This shows that heel height can lead to decrease in gait ability. Further research should include more participants and use a wide range of heel heights.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.4307-4312
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy worldwide and its incidence is on the rise in Pakistan. The aim of this case-control study was to quantify the association of various risk factors with breast cancer risk among Pakistani women. Materials and Methods: A total of 2,246 women were studied, including 1,238 women with histologically confirmed breast cancer patients and age matched control subjects (N=1008) without breast cancer and other chronic diseases. Subjects were interviewed using a specifically designed questionnaire. Unconditional logistic regression was applied. Subsequent disease-specific mortality was also measured. Results: In this study, majority of the breast cancer patients (69.59%) were in age ranges of 40s and 50s. BMI greater than 25kg/m2 (OR=1.57; 95%CI, 1.26-1.90 and OR=1.60; 95%CI, 1.26-2.03), marital status of unmarried (OR=2.03; 95%CI, 1.69-2.44), lack of breast feeding, smoking (current or ever), lack of physical activity and post-menopausal status were found to have significant positive associations with breast cancer. It was also observed that increased parity reduced the disease risk. A larger number of cases (58.1%) had their right breast affected while 22.8% had other complications as well. Conclusions: This exploratory analysis indicated a number of risk factors to be associated with increased risk of breast cancer. It was also observed that mean age at diagnosis is a decade earlier than in western countries. It is hoped that our findings will facilitate establishment of adequate evidence-based awareness and preventive measures for Pakistani women.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.253-260
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• 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the facial dimensions of young adult women with a preferred facial appearance and compare the results with those from the general population. Methods: Twenty-five linear, nine angular, and three area measurements were made and four ratios were calculated using a sample of standardized frontal and lateral photographs of 46 young adult women with a preferred facial appearance (Miss Korea group) and 44 young adult women from the general population (control group). Differences between the two groups were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Results: Compared with the control group, the Miss Korea group exhibited a significantly greater facial height, total facial height (TFH; trichion-menton), facial width (tragus right-tragus left), facial depth (tragus-true vertical line), and trichion-nasion/TFH ratio and smaller subnasale-menton/TFH and facial width/TFH ratios. Furthermore, the control group had smaller intercanthal and interpupillary widths. Conclusions: The Miss Korea group exhibited longer, wider, and deeper faces compared with those from the general population. Furthermore, the Miss Korea group had larger eyes, longer but less protruded noses, longer and more retruded lower lips and chins, larger lip vermilion areas, and smaller labiomental angles. These results suggest that the latest trends in facial esthetics should be considered during diagnosis and treatment planning for young women with dentofacial abnormalities.