• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1632-1637
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• 2006

We studied the changes in biochemical markers of bone metabolism in growing Thoroughbred horses. Serum osteocalcin (OC), as a marker for bone formation, and carboxy-terminal propeptide of type-I collagen (PICP), as a marker for bone formation, carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type-I collagen (ICTP), as a marker for bone resorption, were determined in nine clinically healthy horses from 3 d to 17 mo of age. The BW and withers height (WH) increased during the study. On the other hand, a rapid reduction in body weight gain (BWG) was observed between 1 mo and 9 mo of age and a rapid reduction in withers height gain was observed between 1 mo and 5 mo of age. The serum markers decreased significantly with increasing age. In particular, dramatic changes in serum markers occurred between 3 d to 1 wk and 5 to 7 mo of age in these horses, which suggests that bone turnover rapidly decreased after birth. On the other hand, the ratio of PICP to ICTP decreased through the experiment. This result suggests that the reduction in bone formation exceeded that of bone resorption. There was a significant correlation between markers and growth parameters, except for the correlation between PICP and BWG on single linear regression analysis. Serum OC and ICTP were affected by the WH in multiple linear regression analysis. These results indicated that the age-related variation in serum biochemical markers of bone metabolism reflected bone growth, but neither BW nor BWG. Therefore, we consider that changes in bone modeling are the major factor affecting the levels of serum biochemical markers by 17 mo of age in horses.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2012

The trunk conformations of the Gyeongju Donggyeongi (GD), Korean native dog was measured in the present study. Also, the information of reproductive activity was investigated in GD dogs. A total of 73 dogs were randomly selected out of 121 dogs in the Gyeongju County in July 2010, which were registered by inserting electronic chips in the withers. The hair colors of the GD were white, yellow, black and tiger brindle, the mean withers heights were $45.46{\pm}4.17cm$ and $49.28{\pm}3.56cm$ for female and male dogs, respectively The mean body length to withers height ratios were 117.63% and 116.4% for the female and male dogs. Concerning the reproductive capability of the GD, the mean litter number was $4.6{\pm}1.7$, the optimal mating time was $12.5{\pm}2.3$ days after the rutting season and the mean gestation period was $60.2{\pm}2.8$ days. The results of this study would be useful for compiling the official standard for the adult GD.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.167-176
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• 2020

The objective of the present study was to determine the best model to describe and quantify the changes in live body weight, height at withers, height at rump, body length and chest girth of Holstein cows raised under Korean feeding conditions for 50 months. The five standard growth models namely polynomial linear regression models, regression of growth variables on the first and second-order of ages in days (model 1) and regression of growth variables on age covariates from first to the third-order (model 2) as well as non-linear models were fitted and evaluated for representing growth pattern of Holstein cows raised in Korean feeding circumstances. Nonlinear models fitted were three exponential growth curve models; Brody, Gompertz, and von Bertalanffy functional models. For this purpose, a total of 22 Holstein cows raised in Korea used in the period from April 2016 to May 2020. Each model fitted to monthly growth curve records of dairy cows by using PROC NLIN procedure in SAS program. On the basis of the results, nonlinear models showed the lower root mean square of error (RMSE) for live body weight, height at withers, height at rump, body length and chest girth (12.22, 1.95, 1.55, 4.04, 2.06) with higher correlation coefficiency (R²) values for live body weight, height at withers, height at rump, body length and chest girth (0.99, 0.99, 0.99, 1.00, 1.00). Overall, the evaluation of the different growth models indicated that the Gompertz model used in the study seemed to be the most appropriate one for standard growth of Holstein cows raised under Korean feeding system.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.275-281
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• 1989

This investigation was conducted on 249 Jindo dogs aging from 2 to 12 months to determine body type and external appearance of the dogs. The results of this investigation were as follows. 1. The withers height of male dogs growed rapidly during the period between 2 months and 7 months of age, and was 22.94cm and 49.77cm, respectively. Afterward the growth rate slowed down up to 12 months, 53.33cm. The growth rate of female was similar to male, and the withers height was 22.91cm, 46.81cm, 48.70cm at 2, 6 and 12 months of age. 2. For male and female the body length was 27.21, 27.23cm at 2 months, 51.40cm, 51.62cm at 6 months, 58.33, 52.15cm at 12 months, respectively. Growth rate of the body length was very rapid from 2 to 6 months of age, but afterwards the growth rate was slow and somewhat retarded. 3. For male and female, the withers height to body length ratio was 100 : 109.4 and 100 : 107.1 in 12 months old group. 4. Cross over between the sexes in growth rate occurred between 5.3 to 6.5 months of age for wither height, between 6.0 to 7.2 months for hody length, respectively. 5. The average chest girths of male and female were 31.46, 30.46cm at 2 months, 54.92, 52.20cm at 7months, 60.25, 57.90cm at 12months, respectively. The growth rate of chest girth was rapid between 2 to 7 months of age and gradual between 7 to 12 months. 6. The average skull lengths of male and female were 11.76, 11.32cm at 2 months, 21.83, 19.60cm at 12 months, respectively. The average head widths of male and female were 8.37, 7.94cm at 2 months, 15.47, 12.46cm at 12 months. 7. Erected type of ear was completed from oblique type at 6 months in male and 7 months in female. On our detailed examinations, we concluded that Jindo dogs completed their growth at 6 to 7 months of age.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2003

Genetic parameters for growth and carcass traits were estimated on the basis of the data from 3,415 heads of Hanwoo bulls tested at Livestock Improvement Main Center. The data were divided into two groups : the first period group consisted of 1,592 heads of bulls tested in individual pens from 1986 to 1990 and the second period group consisted of 1,823 heads of bulls tested in group pens from 1991 to 1996. The testing period was from 6 to 18 months of age in the first period group and 10 to 22 months of age in the second period group. The average daily gains during 6 to 12 months and 12 to 18 months were 1.01kg and 0.77kg, respectively, in the first period group and 0.80kg and 0.95kg in the second period group, and the compensated growth appeared to have occurred in the second period group. The heritability of body weight at 12 months estimated was 0.37 during the first period and 0.47 during the second period. The heritability of body weight at 18 months was 0.29 during the first period and 0.33 during the second period. The heritability of average daily gain during 6${\sim}$12 months estimated was 0.26 for the first period and 0.33 for the second period. The heritability of average daily gain during 12${\sim}$18 months estimated was 0.11 for the first period and 0.22 for the second period. The heritabilities of body weights and average daily gains estimated tended to be higher in the second period than in the first period. The heritability of body measurements at 12 months during the first period estimated was 0.30 for withers height, 0.25 for rump height, 0.11 for thurls width and 0.13 for chest girth. The heritability of body measurments at 12 months during the second period was 0.53 for withers height, 0.44 for rump height, 0.36 for thurls width and 0.56 for chest girth. The heritabilites of withers height, rump height, thurls width and chest girth at 18 months of age were 0.40, 0.22, 0.12 and 0.21 during the first period and 0.45, 0.42, 0.42 and 0.35 during the second period, respectively. The heritability of carcass traits estimated during the first period was 0.11 for carcass weight, 0.24 for dressing percent, 0.25 for eye muscle area, 0.18 for backfat thickness and 0.21 for carcass length. The heritabilities of carcass weight, dressing percent, eye muscle area, backfat thickness, carcass length and marbling score during the second period estimated were 0.32, 0.52, 0.33, 0.51, 0.58 and 0.31, respectively. The genetic correlations between the first and second periods estimated were higher than 0.8 for chest girth at 12 months, rump height at 18 months, carcass weight and dressing percent, but were lower for other traits.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.322-329
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• 2011

A whole genome association (WGA) study was conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for body conformation traits in Hanwoo cattle. The phenotypes of 497 steers were recorded from the Hanwoo Improvement Center of National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, Seosan, Korea, and analyzed using the Illumina Bovine 50 k SNP chip. A set of 35,987 SNPs that were available in the Hanwoo population was selected from the chip. After adjustments for the effects of year-season of birth, region and sire, phenotypes were regressed on each SNP using a linear regression model. Three hundred nineteen SNPs were detected for the ten conformation traits (p<0.003). For the significant SNPs, stepwise regression procedures were applied to determine best sets of markers. A total of 72 SNPs were selected (p<0.001), for which the sets of 5, 9, 10, 9, 8, 11, 4, 6, 3 and 7 SNPs were determined for height at withers, rump height, body length, chest depth, chest width, rump length, hip width, thurl width, pinbone width and heart girth, respectively. About 7-26% of the total phenotypic variation was explained by the set of SNPs for each trait. QTL for the conformation traits were harbored on most bovine chromosomes (BTAs). Four SNPs with pleiotropic effects on height at withers and rump height were detected on BTAs 3, 4, 6 and 16. A SNP with pleiotropic effects on chest width and rump length was also detected on BTA10. Two QTL regions, i.e. between 87 and 97 Mb in BTA3 and between 41 and 44 Mb in BTA7, were found, in which SNPs were detected for the five and three conformation traits, respectively. The detected SNPs need to be validated in other Hanwoo populations for commercial application to the genetic improvement of conformation characteristics in Hanwoo via marker-assisted selection (MAS).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.763-774
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the correlation of body measurement type and carcass traits. This study used body measurement type and carcass traits on 1,312 heads of Hanwoo steers tested(24 months) which was from 1997 to 2002 at Hanwoo Improvement Main Center National Agricultural Cooperatives Federation. Body measurement type used the age of 18 months body measurement type, and carcass traits used the results of decision grade of Animal Products Grading Service. Observing the phenotypic correlation between carcass traits and body measurement type from the result, the weight, withers height, and chest width at age of 18 months and carcass weight showed readings of 0.690, 0.483, and 0.506, respectively. Also, eye muscle area and age of 18 months weight and chest width read 0.356 and 0.279, respectively. According to results, that improvements in weight, withers height, and chest width are likely to enlarge the eye muscle area and meat production level. Not only quality improvement but also quantity augmentation affect income and sales of the farmers. As can be seen in this study, improvements of weight, withers height and chest width should always be put to much effort while other body measurement type should be considered continuously too. In order to attain clearer results further studies should be done on body measurement type, which will contribute to the improvements of body measurement type in Hanwoo.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 2002

Data were collected from 1996 through 2000 on Korean Native Goats by the National Livestock Research Institute of Korea were used to estimate genetic parameters for birth, 3 month, and 6 month body weights. Estimates were obtained with MTDFREML. Model included animal and maternal genetic and residual effects. The model included sex, birth year-season, and feeding type as fixed factors. Average body weights and standard deviation were 1.78${\pm}$0.32 at birth of age, 7.99${\pm}$2.66 at 3 month of age, and 12.08${\pm}$3.20 kg at 6 month of age, respectively. Average body measurements were 36.46cm for withers height, 38.06cm for body length, and 45.56cm for heart girth at 3 month of age, and were 40.27cm for withers height, 42.01cm for body length, and 51.07cm for heart girth at 6 month of age, respectively. Estimates of heritability were 0.66 for birth weight, 0.34 for 3 month body weight, and 0.27 for 6 month body weight, respectively. Maternal effects would be important for birth and 3 month body weights and may not be needed in a model for 6 month body weight.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.891-898
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• 2005

The trunk and limb of the Jindo, Korean native dog was measured in the present study. One hundred and ninety five Jindoes were randomly selected from the 1,985 dogs in the Jindo County in August 1998, which were screened by the judging committee of the County and registered by inserting electronic chips in the withers. They were about a year and half old, and were white and fawn dogs. A total of 18 parts of the trunk and limb were measured using calipers and tapes. The average height at the withers was 50.67 cm in dogs and 47.48 cm in bitches. The average body length was 52.99 cm in dogs and 50.33 cm in bitches. And the average height : body length ratio was 104.70 in dogs and 106.08 in bitches. No differences were observed between the Jindoes of the two coat colors in these measurements. The results of this study would be useful for compiling the official standard for the adult Jindo.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.245-250
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• 1997

Highly significant correlation (p < 0.001) was found between body weight and chest circumference of the local Katjang and cross-bred (local Katjang ♀ ${\times}$ German Fawn ♂ bucks under study. Increase in body length, chest circumference, depth of chest and height at withers (p < 0.001) reflected significantly the increase in body weight of the bucks. At the same age the cross-breds were bigger than the indigenous breed. No significant correlation was detected between body weight and scrotal circumference, or the latter with sperm counts in both buck types under study. However, the fluid portion of the semen increased in acidity and volume, the latter being significant (P < 0.01) in the local Katjangs, with increase in scrotal circumference. Although the effects of body condition on buck libido of both groups were not significant, the reaction time taken to mount the teaser females were significantly diminished (p < 0.001) with better body condition, at least in the local Katjangs. The reaction time gad an inverse, though not necessarily significant, relationship with semen characteristics such as volume, pH (in local Katjangs, p < 0.05), concentration, color (in cross-breds, p < 0.05), agglutination and mass movements in both phenotypes.