• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.1604-1608
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• 2000

Penicillin antibiotics such as penicillin G, ampicillin and amoxicillin have been widely used in the pig industry to control salmonellosis, bacterial pneumonia, and urinary tract infections. Extensive use of antibiotics in veterinary clinics has resulted in tissue residues and bacterial resistance. To prevent unwanted drug residues entering the human food chain, extensive control measures have been established by both government authorities and industries. The demands for reliable, simple, sensitive, rapid and low-cost methods for residue analysis of foods are increasing. In this study, we established a rapid prediction test for the detection of pigs with unacceptable tissue residues of penicillins. The recommended therapeutic doses of three penicillins, penillin G (withdrawal time, 7 days), ampicillin (withdrawal time, 7 days) and amoxicillin (withdrawal time, 14 days), were administered to three groups of 20 pigs each. Blood was sampled before drug administration and during the withdrawal period. The concentration of penicillins in plasma, determined by a semi-quantitative ELISA, were compared to that of internal standard, 4 ppb, which corresponded to the Maximum Residue Limit in milk. The absorbance ratio of internal standard to sample (B/Bs) was employed as an index to determine whether drug residues in pig tissues were negative or positive. That is, a B/Bs ratio less than 1 was considered residue positive, and larger than 1 negative. All 60 plasma samples from pigs were negative to three penicillins at pretreatment. Penicillin G could be detected in the plasma of the treated pigs until day 4 post-treatment and ampicillin until day 2, whereas amoxicillin could be detected until day 10 of its withdrawal period. The present study showed that the semi-quantitative ELISA could be easily adapted to detect residues of penicillin antibiotics (penicillin G, ampicillin and amoxicillin) in live pigs.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.72-77
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• 2006

Enrofloxacin (ENRO) is one of the most commonly used fluoroquinolones for treating bacterial disease in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) farming, but its withdrawal time for industrial-scale farming has not been well established. Withdrawal times of ENRO following oral administration were evaluated in olive flounder under field conditions. Fish were held in an inland fish tank and fed a commercial mediated diet containing 5 mg/kg of ENRO for 9 days. Seven fish per sampling point were examined during and after treatment. ENRO and its major metabolite, ciprofloxacin (CIP), were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector. The concentration of ENRO and CIP in muscle increased during the medication period, and then decreased rapidly The sum of ENRO and CIP concentration in olive flounder peaked on day 6, with a maximal concentration in muscle of 4.30 mg/kg. ENRO residues were eliminated rapidly; at 10 days post treatment, the level in muscle was 0.10 mg/kg, but it took about 50 days to be reduced to below 0.1 mg/kg. After 60 days, the residual concentration was below 0.1 mg/kg in all samples. The level of ENRO accumulation at the beginning of oral administration was variable, according to the farming conditions, but the overall exhaustion time was almost the same. We concluded that an adequate withdrawal period of enrofloxacin is 60 days in the case of oral administration.

• 신경치료
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2018

Purpose This study is to investigate the effect of sling exercise on the balance capacity of spastic diplegia cerebral palsy patient based on Bobath concept. Methods A single subject experiment was designed targeting an 8year old child with the rigid bilateral cerebral palsy. The static balance test used the 30 second Rombug test of BT4, and the dynamic balance test used the timed up and go test. Results In the 30second Rombug test of BT4, the child had a smaller median outcome than baseline and withdrawal period. In the TUG test, the walking speed in the intervention period was improved comparing to the baseline and withdrawal period. Conclusion The sling exercise based on the Bobath concept has been proved that it is an effective intervention to improve the static and dynamic balance capacity of patients with rigid bilateral cerebral palsy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.378-381
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• 2001

Sulfamethazine has been widely used in swine for prevention or treatment of infections. Recently, the safety of the drug to consumers has been questioned because of carcinogenic effects. To prevent unwanted drug residues entering the human food chain, both government authorities and industries have established extensive control measures. The demands for reliable, simple, sensitive, rapid and low-cost methods for residue analysis of foods are increasing nowadays. In this study, we established a rapid prediction test for the detection of cattle with violative tissue residues of sulfamethazine. The recommended therapeutic dose of sulfamethazine (withdrawal time, 15 days) was administered to each of 10 cattle. Blood was sampled before drug administration and during the withdrawal period. The concentration of sulfamethazine in plasma, determined by a semi-quantitative ELISA, was compared to that of an internal standard (10 ppb). The absorbance ratio of internal standard to sample (B/Bs) was employed as an index to determine whether drug residues in cattle tissues were negative or positive. That is, a B/Bs ratio less than 1 was considered residue positive and if larger than 1 was considered negative. All 10 plasma samples from non-treated cattle showed negative to sulfamethazine. Sulfamethazine was detected in plasmas of treated cattle until Day 7 of withdrawal period. The present study showed that the semi-quantitative ELISA could be easily adapted in predicting residues of sulfamethazine in live cattle.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.135-148
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of this study is to take around the oriental medical treatment about substance related disorder in china. Method : We review the studies which are published by six different journal in China since 1992 to 2002 involved in substance related disorders. Result 1. The kinds of substance which is the subject of each study. It suggest that the narcotics-withdrawal patients in china take kinds of opium many more than phillopon or barbiturate, cocain etc. especially the heroine takes the most portion in the kinds of opium. 2. The type of chinese medicine demonstration which is about the addiction and withdrawal. There are many symptoms in the each period of withdrawal, According to the each period demonstration, the herbal formula must be different. 3. The formula used in treatment and the substance which is used in common Codonopsis radix is widely used, and pinellia ternata, aractylodes japonica, citrus nobilis, vegetable worms, angelica gigas, zizyphus jujuba, panax ginseng, astragalus membranaceus etc are also used in treatment. 4. The methods of acupunture treatment Hapkok(LI-4), Naegwan(PC6), and Sanyinjiao(SP6) are the widely used acu-points. in addition to these acupoints, there are waegwan(TE5) choksamli(ST36) hanggan(LR2)etc. Conclusion : We expect that this review about substance related disorders in TCM help the clinical study of substance related disorders in Korean medicine.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.440-445
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• 2008

Ciprofloxacin is the most commonly used fluoroquinolones for treating bacterial disease in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) farming, but its withdrawal time for industrial-scale farming has not been established. The depletion of ciprofloxacin was investigated in the olive flounder under field conditions. Fish were kept in an inland fish farm and fed a commercial diet containing 5 mg/kg of ciprofloxacin for 13 days. Seven fishes per sampling time were examined during and after the treatment. Ciprofloxacin and its major metabolite, enrofloxacin, were analyzed using HPLC with a fluorescence detector. The concentrations of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin in muscle increased during the medication period, and then decreased rapidly. The ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin concentration in the olive flounder peaked on days 11 and 13, respectively, with maximum concentrations in muscle of 0.58 and 0.73 mg/kg. Residual ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin were eliminated rapidly; 6 days after treatment, the respective levels in muscle were 0.04 and 0.10 mg/kg and neither was detected 15 days post treatment. The level of ciprofloxacin accumulation at the beginning of oral administration was variable according to the farming conditions, but the overall exhaustion time was similar. In conclusion, an adequate withdrawal period for enrofloxacin is 15 days in the case of oral ciprofloxacin administration.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.299-306
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• 2008

Sometimes, spinal cord injury (SCI) results in various chronic neuropathic pain syndromes that occur diffusely below the level of the injury. It has been reported that behavioral signs of neuropathic pain are expressed in the animal models of contusive SCI. However, the observation period is relatively short considering the natural course of pain in human SCI patients. Therefore, this study was undertaken to examine the time course of mechanical and cold allodynia in the hindpaw after a spinal cord contusion in rats for a long period of time (30 weeks). The hindpaw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation was applied to the plantar surface of the hindpaw, and the withdrawal frequency to the application of acetone was measured before and after a spinal contusion. The spinal cord contusion was produced by dropping a 10 g weight from a 6.25 and 12.5 mm height using a NYU impactor. After the injury, rats showed a decreased withdrawal threshold to von Frey stimulation, indicating the development of mechanical allodynia which persisted for 30 weeks. The withdrawal threshold between the two experimental groups was similar. The response frequencies to acetone increased after the SCI, but they were developed slowly. Cold allodynia persisted for 30 weeks in 12.5 mm group. The sham animals did not show any significant behavioral changes. These results provide behavioral evidence to indicate that the below-level pain was well developed and maintained in the contusion model for a long time, suggesting a model suitable for pain research, especially in the late stage of SCI or for long term effects of analgesic intervention.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.1433-1439
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• 2000

An experiment was carried out with 48 IVRI 2CQ rats 6-8 week old, weighing 50-100 g, to study the effect of lead exposure on antioxidant defense, lipid peroxide level, status of thiol groups and concentration of lead in the liver and kidneys at the end of the exposure and also after withdrawal of lead administration. Twenty four rats were given lead at a daily dose rate of 1 mg lead/2 ml of distilled water/kg body weight as lead acetate solution intraperitoneally for a period of 30 days. Another 24 control rats received 2 ml of sterile normal saline solution (0.85% NaCl)/kg body weight in an identical manner. A many-fold increase in concentration of lead was associated with a non-significant (p>0.05) decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver (27%) and kidneys (12%) and catalase in kidneys (22%). A significant (p<0.05) increase in lipid peroxide level was recorded in the liver (40%) compared with control values. There were significant (p<0.05) decreases in the total thiol and protein bound thiol contents in liver and an increase in non-protein bound thiol groups in the kidneys of lead exposed rats. During the 10 day observation period after withdrawal of lead administration, no significant change was observed with respect to any of the above parameters indicating that a 10 day withdrawal period was not enough for restoration of normality. It is concluded that the magnitude of response and the resultant changes in the lipid peroxide concentration, and the activities of SOD and catalase were not identical in the liver and kidneys of lead-exposed rats.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권12호
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• pp.1559-1570
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• 2002

목 적 : 간질 치료에 있어서 치료 중 무 발작 기간이 장기간 지속되는 환자에서 항전간제를 언제까지 투여할 것인가에 대한 답은 아직 확실히 제시된 바없다. 따라서 무 발작기간이 지속되는 환자들에서 항전간제 투여 중지 후 재발에 관계된 위험인자를 분석-평가함으로서 항전간제 중지시기에 대한 안내 지침에 도움이 되고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 1993년부터 1998년 6월까지 경희대학교 의과대학 부속병원에서 간질로 진단받고 항전간제 투여 후 최소 2년 동안 무 발작으로 조절되어 약물투여가 중지된 환아 169명(남자 102명, 여자 67명)을 대상으로 하였다. 간질의 진단은 임상 병력, 신경학적 및 이학적 소견, 검사실 소견과 발작 간기에 기록한 뇌파를 기준으로 하였으며 필요한 경우 뇌의 구조병변의 유무를 규명하기 위하여 두부 전산화 촬영이나 자기공명상을 실시하였다. 재발 위험 인자는 성별, 초 발작 연령, 간질 가족력, 열성 경련의 병력, 간질의 원인, 발작형, 치료 전 발작 횟수, 신경학적 이상 여부, 발작 발생부터 치료 시작까지의 기간, 항전간제 사용에서 최종 발작까지의 기간, 총 약물 치료 기간, 약물 치료 중 재발여부, 항전간제 치료 중지 직전의 뇌파, 항전간제의 수, 항전간제 중지 시 연령, 무 발작 기간, 등 총 16가지를 선정하여 Kaplan-Meier 생존 분석에 의한 단 인자분석(전체, 특발성, 증후성)과 Cox-regression 모형에 의한 다 인자 분석을 각각 시행하였다. 결 과 : 대상 환아 총 169명 중 재발한 경우가 49명(28.9%)에서 나타났으며, 항전간제 치료기간은 평균 4.1년(2-13년)이었고 항전간제 치료 중지 후 평균 추적 관찰 기간은 4.1년, 무 발작 기간은 평균 3.3년(2-5년)이었다. 각 위험인자에 따른 단 인자 분석에서 초 발작 연령이 1세 미만인 경우, 간질의 원인이 증후성, 발작형이 영아연축 및 레녹스 증후군>부분 발작군>전신 발작군=롤락딕 발작군 순으로 재발률이 높았다. 또한 신경학적 이상을 보인 군과 발작 조절기간이 0인 경우보다 2년 이상인 군과 조절에 사용한 약물수가 2개 이상인 경우, 약물 중지 시 연령이 6세 이하인 군과 무 발작 기간이 2년>3-4년>4년 이상인 순으로 재발율이 높게 나타났다. 결 론 : 항전간제로 치료 시작 후 2년을 초과한 기간동안 무 발작이 계속되고 있는 6세 이상의 간질 환아에서는, 발작초발 연령이나 발작형, 사용하고 있는 항전간제의 수, 치료 시작 후 발작조절에 걸린 기간, 총 치료기간, 발작의 원인, 신경학적 이상 여부 등을 고려하여, 또 항전간제를 끊고자 하는 환아나 보호자의 의지 등에 따라 항전간제의 중단을 고려하여야 한다.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.127-129
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• 2013

The imidazopyridine, zolpidem, a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic drug, is widely-prescribed for insomnia. It is regarded as a good alternative to benzodiazepine because of the reduced possibility for abuse and development of dependence. However, more recently, due to the reduced possibility for abuse and development of dependence, it is regarded as a good alternative to benzodiazepine. adverse effects of zolpidem have been recognized. The objective of this report is to provide information on the potential for occurrence of benzodiazepine-like withdrawal seizure in patients who chronically take zolpidem continually. We present and discuss a case of seizure after sudden interruption of the protracted use of an abusively high dose of zolpidem. Zolpidem may not be the ideal drug for longterm pharmacotherapeutic management of insomnia. Clinicians should administer zolpidem at a low-dose for a short period of time for prevention of drug abuse and dependence and the potential for occurrence of benzodiazepine- like withdrawal seizure.