• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.47-60
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to analyze the problem solving strategies of elementary school students and to find out correlations between the functional mental capacity, the perseveration error and the Creature Card Task solving ability. To study this purpose, four categories were selected through pilot test. The sample consisted of 231, the 4th grade students and the 5th grade students in Inchon, Korea and selected 32 students among them. Three instruments were used in this study, Creature Card Task, FIT(Figural Intersection Test) and WCST(Wisconsin Card Sorting Test). Researcher interviewed 32 students about Creature Card Task solving strategies and tests with FIT, WCST. Major findings of the study are as follows: 1. Creature Card Task solving strategies of the selected 4th & 5th grade students were different. Some students solved problems during individual interviews. 2. Creature Card Task solving abilities were significantly correlated with the functional mental capacity and the perseveration error.

• 가정간호학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.40-47
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• 2011

Purpose: This study investigated changes in neurocognitive function over a 2-month period of board game therapy in patients with schizophrenia. Method: Twenty-one schizophrenic patients treated with board game therapy and nineteen control schizophrenic patients were evaluated with neuropsychological and clinical tests, such as the Wisconsin Card Shorting Test (WCST). The same tests were re-administered after 2 months of board game therapy. Results: At the first series of neuropsychological tests, no difference was seen in performance, demographical aspects, or clinical severity among both patient groups. After 2 months, the group receiving board game therapy showed significant improvement of WCST performances compared to the controls. However, no difference was observed in clinical symptoms between the groups. Conclusion: The results of cognitive enhancement in patients playing board games indicates that board game play, easily used in an inpatient setting, is a promising tool for executive function improvement in chronic schizophrenic patients.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.109-116
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• 1994

연구배경: 정신분열증 환자에서 보이는 인지기능의 장애와 음성증상과의 관계는 아직 정확히 밝혀져 있지 않다. 음성증상을 효과적으로 호전시키는 것으로 알려진 clozapine을 만성 정신분열증 환자들에게 9개월 간 투여하여 인지기능이 호전될 수 있는지 조사하고 임상증상의 호전 정도와 인지기능의 호전정도 사이의 상관 관계를 평가하였다. 방 법: 만성정신분열증 환자(16명)를 대상으로 Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Digit Span Test 및 Judgment of Line Orientation Test 등의 심리검사를 clozapine 투약 전과 9개월 후 각각 실시하였다. 또한 BPRS를 사용하여 투약전과 9개월 간의 투약 이후의 정신병리를 평가하였으며 이를 신경심리검사 결과와 비교하였다. 결 과: Clozapine은 만성정신분열증 환자의 양성 및 음성 증상을 모두 유의하게 호전시켰다. 신경심리검사 결과 집중력, 단기 기억력, 시각-지각력에는 유의한 호전이 있었으며 집행능력에서도 통계적으로 의의있지는 않으나 호전되는 경향을 보였다(p=0.066). 환자들의 임상증상과 신경심리검사 결과 사이에는 아무런 상관관계도 발견할 수 없었다. 결 론: 만성정신분열증 환자들에서 clozapine 장기 투여를 통해 임상증상은 물론 집중력 및 단기기억력 등 일부 인지기능의 호전을 기대할 수 있으며 특히 보다 정교한 정보처리와 관련되는 집행능력 역시 9개월 이상 장기 치료를 통해서 호전될 수 있음을 시사하였다. 또한 정신분열증 환자에서 나타나는 인지기능의 장애는 임상증상에 의한 2차적 현상이 아니라 하나의 독립된 병리임을 추측할 수 있다. 향후 보다 객관적인 결론을 위하여 타 항정신병약물과의 비교 연구가 지속적으로 필요하다고 본다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.82-94
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• 2006

Objectives : In order to explore effects of board-game therapy for cognitive rehabilitation in patients with schizophrenia, we investigated the change of executive cognitive function over a 2-month period of board-game therapy in patients with schizophrenia. Methods : Two groups of chronic schizophrenic inpatients were participated in this study. One group(n=21) were treated with board-game therapy for 2 months and the other control group(n=19) were not treated. For the evaluation of the executive cognitive function, a Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST) was administered before and after the introduction of the board-game therapy. PANSS score change was also evaluated. Result : At the beginning of this study, there was no significant difference in performance of cognitive function tests, demographical data or clinical severity between both patient groups. After 2 months of treatment with the board-game therapy, the board-game therapy group showed significant improvements of executive cognitive function without any significant change of their schizophrenic symptoms. On the contrary, there was no change in control group. Conclusion : This study showed that a board-game therapy is effective for the enhancement of executive cognitive function in patients with chronic schizophrenia. A board-game therapy could be introduced with ease into psychiatric fields, such as inpatients' or outpatients' clinic wards and day hospital. Our result indicates that the board-game therapy is a promising tool for the enhancement of cognitive function, especially executive cognitive function and helpful for cognitive rehabilitation for schizophrenic patients.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.147-158
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• 2003

Objective:The differences of various neurocognitive functions, including attention, memory, motor function, and higher cognitive function were compared between PTSD patients and normal control subjects. Also, correlation with PTSD symptom severity and neurocognitive functions were evaluated between PTSD patients and normal control subjects. Method:We assessed the neurocognitive functions by computerized neurocognitive test(CNT) batteries. The visual continuous performance test(CPT) and digit span test, finger tapping test and Wisconsin card sorting test(WCST) were executed. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised(IES-R) was used in the evaluation of the severity of PTSD. Result:The PTSD patients showed significantly impaired neurocognitive performance in all of the items, compared with normal control subjects. The relation between impairment in neurocognitive functions and symptom severity showed significant correlations. Conclusion:These results imply that PTSD patients have impaired neurocognitive functions concerning with specific brain areas, especially the frontal area. For the thorough evaluation of further neurocognitive functions, more detailed evaluation items of neurocognitive functions and brain imaging studies are necessary in the future study.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2015

Objectives : Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been shown to display more inhibitory deficits and executive function deficits. This study investigated the treatment effects of neurofeedback (NF) training on executive function by comparing the results of neuropsychological tests of the trained children at pre- and post-training. Methods : Fifteen children with ADHD, aged 6 to 14 years, participated in the study. The NF treatment consisted of slow cortical potential (SCP) training and these sessions took place once a week. The ADHD children performed 20 sessions of NF training within 6 months. Pre-training and post-training assessments encompassed Continuous Performance Test (CPT), Stroop Test, Children's Color Trails Test I&II (CCTT) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Results : Patients receiving NF training showed significant improvement in visual commission error and standard deviation of auditory response time on CPT ; and total errors on WCST. But there was no significant improvement in the Stroop test and CCTT. Conclusion : SCP training using NF improves the self-regulatory capacities and impulsivity in ADHD patient, especially impulsivity in visual stimulation tasks. This study showed evidence of clinical efficacy of NF on executive function in ADHD.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2017

연구목적 본 연구는 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애(attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD) 환자들을 대상으로 다양한 실행기능과 정량화 뇌파간의 상관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 31명의 소아청소년 ADHD 환자를 대상으로 정량화 뇌파를 측정하였다. 종합주의력검사(Comprehensive Attention Test, CAT), 스트룹 색-단어 추론 검사(Color-Word Inference Test, CWIT), 선추적 검사(Trail Making Test, TMT), 카드분류검사(Card Sorting Test, CST)가 시행되었고 한국어판 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 평정척도(Korean version of the ADHD Rating Scale, K-ARS)가 측정되었다. 결과 CAT 검사 점수와 알파, 베타 파워가 양적 상관이 있는 반면, 델타 파워와는 부적 상관이 있었다. CWIT 검사에서는 감소된 델타 파워와 증가된 베타 파워가 높은 수행수준과 관련 있었다. 높은 TMT 검사 점수는 증가된 알파 대역 파워와 관련이 있었으며, CST 검사에서 델타 파워는 높은 수행수준과 부적 상관이 있는 반면 알파, 하이 감마파의 파워와는 양적 상관을 보였다. K-ARS 점수는 알파 파워와 부적 상관을 보였다. 결론 정량화 뇌파는 ADHD 환자들의 실행기능과 상관성을 보이며 신경생리학적 지표로서의 유용성이 시사된다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2012

Objectives : Event-related potentials have been suggested as an objective marker for brain functions in psychiatric disorders. This study was aimed to investigate the relationships between P300, the mismatch negativity (MMN), the loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP), demographic and clinical variables including neurocognitive abilities in patients with schizophrenia. Methods : P300, the MMN, and the LDAEP were measured and the Korean Stroop color-word test (K-stroop test) and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were performed in 43 patients with schizophrenia. The relationship of the latency and amplitude of P300 and the MMN as well as regression slope of the LDAEP with demographic and clinical variables were analyzed by t-test and correlation analyses for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Results : After controlling for age, the latency of central (Cz) and parietal (Pz) P300 posivitively correlated with GAF at admission (Cz ; ${\gamma}$ = 0.385, p = 0.047, Pz ; ${\gamma}$ = 0.421, p = 0.029). The amplitude of parietal P300 correlated with the correction rate of the K-stroop test (${\gamma}$ = 0.575, p = 0.002). In addition, the frontal (Fz) P300 latency tended to negatively correlated with the correction rate of the WCST (${\gamma}$ = -0.371, p = 0.057). Conclusions : Our findings suggest that the values of P300 latency and amplitude might be correlated with GAF at admission and working memory measured by the K-Stroop test and the WCST. Meanwhile, the MMN and the LDAEP did not correlate with demographic and clinical variables. These results support the results of previous studies showing associations with P300 and impaired cognitive ability.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2014

Objectives This study aimed to identify the differences and the profiles of cognitive deficits in remitted patients with schizophrenia and first-degree relatives of schizophrenic probands. Methods A total of 26 remitted states of schizophrenia patients were included in the study and the same number of unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenic probands and healthy controls were matched for age, sex, years of education. Cognitive function of all participants was measured by using the Digit span test, the Continuous performance test, the Rey auditory & visual learning test, the Complex figure test, the Verbal fluency test, the Wisconsin card sorting test and the Finger tapping test. The effects of subsyndromal symptomatology and general intelligence score were controlled. Results Schizophrenia patients' group showed more significant impairment than other groups in verbal memory (learning, immediate recall, delayed recall), visual memory (copy, immediate recall, delayed recall) and cognitive flexibility domains. The family group and the patient group commonly performed significantly worse than healthy controls in working memory and verbal fluency (category) tests. There were no differences in sustained attention, psychomotor performance. Conclusions Our research shows that the deficit in working memory and verbal fluency could be strong candidates of endophenotypic marker in schizophrenia.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.525-540
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• 1997

The present study tested the hypothesis that maturation of the prefrontal lobes is a crucial factor determining the performance of scientific reasoning tasks, Functions of the prefrontal lobes, such as activating relevant information, sequential planning and monitoring, and inhibiting irrelevant information, are related thinking patterns with scientific reasoning. Therefore, we inferred the idea that the prefrontal lobes play an important role in scientific reasoning. To test the hypothesis. the present study investigated a prefrontal lobe patient's task solving procedures in scientific reasoning tasks and the correlation and regression analysis between a test of prefrontal lobe function and two scientific reasoning tasks, The perseverative errors in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST) was used as a measure of the prefrontal lobe function, The Melinark Type Task and the Classroom Test of Scientific Reasoning were used as measures of scientific reasoning abilities. Ages and Group Embedded Figure Test were also used as measures of two alternative hypotheses, general maturation and field independency respectively. The prefrontal lobe patient showed a crucial deficiency in solving scientific reasoning tasks. In the tasks, the patient could not used the reasoning of If... and... then... therefore pattern. In correlation study, the perseveration errors of the WCST showed a significantly negative correlation with two scientific reasoning tasks. Multiple regression study also showed that the perseveration errors measured as a function of the prefrontal lobes have more contribution to scientific reasoning ability than contributions of alternative hypotheses. Therefore, the present study supported the hypothesis that prefrontal lobes play a crucial role in scientific reasoning ability, What function of the prefrontal lobes do play crucial role in scientific reasoning? The present study provided an explanation for the question, which inhibiting ability of the prefrontal lobes is responsible for the scientific reasoning ability, in a part at least. That is, perseverative tendency in task-solving procedures causes a deficiency of an ability to inhibit the wrong information to solve a task. The present study provided a possibility of neuropsychological approach in science education research. The present study also showed an importance of the prefrontal lobe development in the performance of scientific reasoning task.