• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2024

In this study, we propose a machine vision-based pedestrian signal detection algorithm that operates efficiently even in computing resource-constrained environments. This algorithm demonstrates high efficiency within limited resources and is designed to minimize the impact of ambient lighting by sequentially applying HSV color space-based image processing, binarization, morphological operations, labeling, and other steps to address issues such as light glare. Particularly, this algorithm is structured in a relatively simple form to ensure smooth operation within embedded system environments, considering the limitations of computing resources. Consequently, it possesses a structure that operates reliably even in environments with low computing resources. Moreover, the proposed pedestrian signal system not only includes pedestrian signal detection capabilities but also incorporates IoT functionality, allowing wireless integration with a web server. This integration enables users to conveniently monitor and control the status of the signal system through the web server. Additionally, successful implementation has been achieved for effectively controlling 50W LED pedestrian signals. This proposed system aims to provide a rapid and efficient pedestrian signal detection and control system within resource-constrained environments, contemplating its potential applicability in real-world road scenarios. Anticipated contributions include fostering the establishment of safer and more intelligent traffic systems.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.147-155
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• 2024

Currently, the 4th Industrial Revolution, like other revolutions, is bringing great change and new life to humanity, and in particular, the demand for and use of drones, which can be applied by combining various technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, and information and communications technology, is increasing. Recently, it has been widely used to carry out dangerous military operations and missions, such as the Russia-Ukraine war and North Korea's reconnaissance against South Korea, and as the demand for and use of drones increases, concerns about the safety and security of drones are growing. Currently, a variety of research is being conducted, such as detection of wireless communication abnormalities and sensor data abnormalities related to drones, but research on real-time detection of threats using radio frequency characteristic data is insufficient. Therefore, in this paper, we conduct a study to determine whether the characteristic data is normal or abnormal signal data by collecting radio frequency signal characteristic data generated while the drone communicates with the ground control system while performing a mission in a HITL(Hardware In The Loop) simulation environment similar to the real environment. proceeded. In addition, we propose an unsupervised learning-based threat detection system and optimal threshold that can detect threat signals in real time while a drone is performing a mission.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.111-121
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• 2024

With strength training comes the risk of injury and the benefits of exercise. Lack of knowledge and experience or repetitions at excessive intensity can lead to injury. Adequate feedback on an exercise's progress can increase the exercise's effectiveness and reduce injuries by providing scientific data and psychological motivation. This study aimed to validate EMG equipment and examine the effects of 8 weeks of biofeedback training with wireless electromyography. A correlation analysis between the Noraxon device and Fitsig^®(EMG Prototype), a well-known instrument in the field of research, showed a moderate correlation. Statistically significant differences in humeral circumference, humeral muscle mass, and biceps and triceps strength were found between the left and right sides of the body over time, with no differences in the type of exercise. Feedback training with real-time EMG was found to be favorable for hypertrophic growth and strength improvement. Future studies should be conducted to investigate its application in sports activities further.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.59-87
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• 2014

In MIS field, the researches on payment services are focused on adoption factors of payment service using behavior theories such as TRA(Theory of Reasoned Action), TAM(Technology Acceptance Model), and TPB (Theory of Planned Behavior). The previous researches presented various adoption factors according to types of payment service, nations, culture and so on even though adoption factors of identical payment service were presented differently by researchers. The payment service industry relatively has strong path dependency to the existing payment methods so that the research results on the identical payment service are different due to payment culture of nation. This paper aims to suggest a successful adoption factor of noble payment service regardless of nation's culture and characteristics of payment and prove it. In previous researches, common adoption factors of payment service are convenience, ease of use, security, convenience, speed etc. But real cases prove the fact that adoption factors that the previous researches present are not always critical to success to penetrate a market. For example, PayByPhone, NFC based parking payment service, successfully has penetrated to early market and grown. In contrast, Google Wallet service failed to be adopted to users despite NFC based payment method which provides convenience, security, ease of use. As shown in upper case, there remains an unexplained aspect. Therefore, the present research question emerged from the question: "What is the more essential and fundamental factor that should takes precedence over factors such as provides convenience, security, ease of use for successful penetration to market". With these cases, this paper analyzes four cases predicted on the following hypothesis and demonstrates it. "To successfully penetrate a market and sustainably grow, new payment service should find non-customer of the existing payment service and provide noble payment method so that they can use payment method". We give plausible explanations for the hypothesis using multiple case studies. Diners club, Danal, PayPal, Square were selected as a typical and successful cases in each category of payment service. The discussion on cases is primarily non-customer analysis that noble payment service targets on to find the most crucial factor in the early market, we does not attempt to consider factors for business growth. We clarified three-tier non-customer of the payment method that new payment service targets on and elaborated how new payment service satisfy them. In case of credit card, this payment service target first tier of non-customer who can't pay for because they don't have any cash temporarily but they have regular income. So credit card provides an opportunity which they can do economic activities by delaying the date of payment. In a result of wireless phone payment's case study, this service targets on second of non-customer who can't use online payment because they concern about security or have to take a complex process and learn how to use online payment method. Therefore, wireless phone payment provides very convenient payment method. Especially, it made group of young pay for a little money without a credit card. Case study result of PayPal, online payment service, shows that it targets on second tier of non-customer who reject to use online payment service because of concern about sensitive information leaks such as passwords and credit card details. Accordingly, PayPal service allows users to pay online without a provision of sensitive information. Final Square case result, Mobile POS -based payment service, also shows that it targets on second tier of non-customer who can't individually transact offline because of cash's shortness. Hence, Square provides dongle which function as POS by putting dongle in earphone terminal. As a result, four cases made non-customer their customer so that they could penetrate early market and had been extended their market share. Consequently, all cases supported the hypothesis and it is highly probable according to 'analytic generation' that case study methodology suggests. We present for judging the quality of research designs the following. Construct validity, internal validity, external validity, reliability are common to all social science methods, these have been summarized in numerous textbooks(Yin, 2014). In case study methodology, these also have served as a framework for assessing a large group of case studies (Gibbert, Ruigrok & Wicki, 2008). Construct validity is to identify correct operational measures for the concepts being studied. To satisfy construct validity, we use multiple sources of evidence such as the academic journals, magazine and articles etc. Internal validity is to seek to establish a causal relationship, whereby certain conditions are believed to lead to other conditions, as distinguished from spurious relationships. To satisfy internal validity, we do explanation building through four cases analysis. External validity is to define the domain to which a study's findings can be generalized. To satisfy this, replication logic in multiple case studies is used. Reliability is to demonstrate that the operations of a study -such as the data collection procedures- can be repeated, with the same results. To satisfy this, we use case study protocol. In Korea, the competition among stakeholders over mobile payment industry is intensifying. Not only main three Telecom Companies but also Smartphone companies and service provider like KakaoTalk announced that they would enter into mobile payment industry. Mobile payment industry is getting competitive. But it doesn't still have momentum effect notwithstanding positive presumptions that will grow very fast. Mobile payment services are categorized into various technology based payment service such as IC mobile card and Application payment service of cloud based, NFC, sound wave, BLE(Bluetooth Low Energy), Biometric recognition technology etc. Especially, mobile payment service is discontinuous innovations that users should change their behavior and noble infrastructure should be installed. These require users to learn how to use it and cause infra-installation cost to shopkeepers. Additionally, payment industry has the strong path dependency. In spite of these obstacles, mobile payment service which should provide dramatically improved value as a products and service of discontinuous innovations is focusing on convenience and security, convenience and so on. We suggest the following to success mobile payment service. First, non-customers of the existing payment service need to be identified. Second, needs of them should be taken. Then, noble payment service provides non-customer who can't pay by the previous payment method to payment method. In conclusion, mobile payment service can create new market and will result in extension of payment market.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.101-107
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• 2014

With the development of online service, recent forms of databases have been changed from static database structures to dynamic stream database structures. Previous data mining techniques have been used as tools of decision making such as establishment of marketing strategies and DNA analyses. However, the capability to analyze real-time data more quickly is necessary in the recent interesting areas such as sensor network, robotics, and artificial intelligence. Landmark window-based frequent pattern mining, one of the stream mining approaches, performs mining operations with respect to parts of databases or each transaction of them, instead of all the data. In this paper, we analyze and evaluate the techniques of the well-known landmark window-based frequent pattern mining algorithms, called Lossy counting and hMiner. When Lossy counting mines frequent patterns from a set of new transactions, it performs union operations between the previous and current mining results. hMiner, which is a state-of-the-art algorithm based on the landmark window model, conducts mining operations whenever a new transaction occurs. Since hMiner extracts frequent patterns as soon as a new transaction is entered, we can obtain the latest mining results reflecting real-time information. For this reason, such algorithms are also called online mining approaches. We evaluate and compare the performance of the primitive algorithm, Lossy counting and the latest one, hMiner. As the criteria of our performance analysis, we first consider algorithms' total runtime and average processing time per transaction. In addition, to compare the efficiency of storage structures between them, their maximum memory usage is also evaluated. Lastly, we show how stably the two algorithms conduct their mining works with respect to the databases that feature gradually increasing items. With respect to the evaluation results of mining time and transaction processing, hMiner has higher speed than that of Lossy counting. Since hMiner stores candidate frequent patterns in a hash method, it can directly access candidate frequent patterns. Meanwhile, Lossy counting stores them in a lattice manner; thus, it has to search for multiple nodes in order to access the candidate frequent patterns. On the other hand, hMiner shows worse performance than that of Lossy counting in terms of maximum memory usage. hMiner should have all of the information for candidate frequent patterns to store them to hash's buckets, while Lossy counting stores them, reducing their information by using the lattice method. Since the storage of Lossy counting can share items concurrently included in multiple patterns, its memory usage is more efficient than that of hMiner. However, hMiner presents better efficiency than that of Lossy counting with respect to scalability evaluation due to the following reasons. If the number of items is increased, shared items are decreased in contrast; thereby, Lossy counting's memory efficiency is weakened. Furthermore, if the number of transactions becomes higher, its pruning effect becomes worse. From the experimental results, we can determine that the landmark window-based frequent pattern mining algorithms are suitable for real-time systems although they require a significant amount of memory. Hence, we need to improve their data structures more efficiently in order to utilize them additionally in resource-constrained environments such as WSN(Wireless sensor network).

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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• v.6 no.1 s.11
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• pp.73-85
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• 2004

Recently, as the growth of the wireless Internet, PDA and HPC, the focus of research and development related with GIS(Geographic Information System) has been changed to the Real-Time Mobile GIS to service LBS. To offer LBS efficiently, there must be the Real-Time GIS platform that can deal with dynamic status of moving objects and a location index which can deal with the characteristics of location data. Location data can use the same data type(e.g., point) of GIS, but the management of location data is very different. Therefore, in this paper, we studied the Real-Time Mobile GIS using the HBR-tree to manage mass of location data efficiently. The Real-Time Mobile GIS which is developed in this paper consists of the HBR-tree and the Real-Time GIS Platform HBR-tree. we proposed in this paper, is a combined index type of the R-tree and the spatial hash Although location data are updated frequently, update operations are done within the same hash table in the HBR-tree, so it costs less than other tree-based indexes Since the HBR-tree uses the same search mechanism of the R-tree, it is possible to search location data quickly. The Real-Time GIS platform consists of a Real-Time GIS engine that is extended from a main memory database system. a middleware which can transfer spatial, aspatial data to clients and receive location data from clients, and a mobile client which operates on the mobile devices. Especially, this paper described the performance evaluation conducted with practical tests if the HBR-tree and the Real-Time GIS engine respectively.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.19
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• pp.224-242
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• 2003

The author believes that the main task of study in international trade usage and practice is the management of transactional risks involved in international sale of goods. They are foreign exchange risks, transportation risks, credit risk, risk of miscommunication, etc. In most cases, these risks are more serious and enormous than those involved in domestic sales. Historically, the merchant adventurers organized the voyage abroad, secured trade finance, and went around the ocean with their own or consigned cargo until around the $mid-19^{th}$ century. They did business faceto-face at the trade fair or the open port where they maintained the local offices, so-called "Trading House"(商館). Thererfore, the transactional risks might have been one-sided either with the seller or the buyer. The bottomry seemed a typical arrangement for risk sharing among the interested parties to the adventure. In this way, such organizational arrangements coped with or bore the transactional risks. With the advent of ocean liner services and wireless communication across the national border in the $19^{th}$ century, the business of merchant adventurers developed toward the clear division of labor; sales by mercantile agents, and ocean transportation by the steam ship companies. The international banking helped the process to be accelerated. Then, bills of lading backed up by the statute made it possible to conduct documentary sales with a foreign partner in different country. Thus, FOB terms including ocean freight and CIF terms emerged gradually as standard trade terms in which transactional risks were allocated through negotiation between the seller and the buyer located in different countries. Both of them did not have to go abroad with their cargo. Instead, documentation in compliance with the terms of the contract(plus an L/C in some cases) must by 'strictly' fulfilled. In other words, the set of contractual documents must be tendered in advance of the arrival of the goods at port of discharge. Trust or reliance is placed on such contractual paper documents. However, the container transport services introduced as international intermodal transport since the late 1960s frequently caused the earlier arrival of the goods at the destination before the presentation of the set of paper documents, which may take 5 to 10% of the amount of transaction. In addition, the size of the container vessel required the speedy transport documentation before sailing from the port of loading. In these circumstances, computerized processing of transport related documents became essential for inexpensive transaction cost and uninterrupted distribution of the goods. Such computerization does not stop at the phase of transportation but extends to cover the whole process of international trade, transforming the documentary sales into less-paper trade and further into paperless trade, i.e., EDI or E-Commerce. Now we face the other side of the coin, which is data security and paperless transfer of legal rights and obligations. Unfortunately, these issues are not effectively covered by a set of contracts only. Obviously, EDI or E-Commerce is based on the common business process and harmonized system of various data codes as well as the standard message formats. This essential feature of E-Commerce needs effective coordination of different divisions of business and tight control over credit arrangements in addition to the standard contract of sales. In a few word, information does not alway invite "trust". Credit flows from people, or close organizational tie-ups. It is our common understanding that, without well-orchestrated organizational arrangements made by leading companies, E-Commerce does not work well for paperless trade. With such arrangements well in place, participating E-business members do not need to seriously care for credit risk. Finally, it is also clear that E-International Commerce must be linked up with a set of government EDIs such as NACCS, Port EDI, JETRAS, etc, in Japan. Therefore, there is still a long way before us to go for E-Commerce in practice, not on the top of information manager's desk.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.18C no.5
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• pp.343-360
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• 2011

The objective of this paper is to analyze and characterize to simulate routing observations on end-to-end routing circuits and a ping experiment of a virtual network after modeling, such as IPv6 migration, an OSPFv3 routing experiment based on an IPv6 environment, and a ping experiment for IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack networks and IPv6 network for OSPFv3 routing using IPv6 planning and operations in an OPNET Modeler. IPv6 deployment based largely on the integrated wired and wireless network was one of the research tasks at hand. The previous studies' researchers recommended that future research work be done on the explicit features of both OSPFv3 and EIGRP protocols in the IPv4/IPv6 environment, and more research should be done to explore how to improve the end-to-end IPv6 performance. Also, most related work was performed with an IPv4 environment but lacked studies related to the OSPFv3 virtual network based on an end-to-end IPv6 environment. Hence, this research continues work in previous studies in analyzing IPv6 migration, an OSPFv3 routing experiment based on IPv6, and a ping experiment for IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack networks and IPv6 network for OSPFv3 routing. In the not too distant future, before enabling the default IPv6, it would help to understand network design and deployment based on an IPv6 environment through IPv6 planning and operations for the end-user perspective such as success or failure of connection on IPv6 migration, exploration of an OSPFv3 routing circuit based on an end-to-end IPv6 environment, and a ping experiment for IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack networks and IPv6 network for OSPFv3 routing. We were able to observe an optimal route for modeling of an end-to-end virtual network through simulation results as well as find what appeared to be a fast ping response time VC server to ensure Internet quality of service better than an HTTP server.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.22
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• pp.197-230
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• 2010

This study examined the institutional improvement directions of industrial security programs, particularly focusing upon policies and practices in the U.S., to enhance the effectiveness of industrial security programs in Korea. This study also aimed to investigate the significance of institutional and/or policy implementations in preventing economic espionage attempt. Data leakage and/or loss of trade secrets in corporations has been a scary proposition and a serious headache to both the CEOs and the CSOs(Chief Security Officers). Security professionals or practitioners have always had to deal with data leakage issues that arise from e-mail, instant messaging(IM), and other Internet communication channels. In addition, with the proliferation of wireless and mobile technology, it's now much easier than ever for loss by data breaches to occur, whether accidentally or maliciously or even by an economic espionage attempt. The researcher in this study used both a case study and a comparative research to analyze the different strategies and approaches between the U.S. and Korea in regard of implementing policies to mitigate damages by economic espionage attempts and prevent them from occurring. The researcher first examined the current policies and practices in the U.S. in terms of federal government's and agencies' approach and strategies on industrial security programs and their partnerships with private-commercial-sectors. The purpose of this paper is to explain and suggest selected findings, and a discussion of actions to be taken on implementing a proactive and tactical approach to enhance the effectiveness of industrial security programs to fight against information loss or data leaks. This study used case reviews, literatures, newspapers, articles, and Internet resources relating to the subject of this study for triangulation of data. The findings during this research are as follows. This research suggests that both the private and the governmental sector should closely cooperate in the filed of industrial security to strengthen its traditional prevention strategies and reduce opportunities of economic espionage as well. This study finally recognizes both the very importance of institutional development led by the Government in preventing economic espionage attempts and its effectiveness when properly united with effective industrial security programs.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.43 no.11 s.353
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• pp.37-47
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• 2006

This work proposes a 10b 25MS/s $0.8mm^2$ 4.8mW 0.13um CMOS A/D Converter (ADC) for high-performance wireless communication systems such as DVB, DAB and DMB simultaneously requiring low voltage, low power, and small area. A two-stage pipeline architecture minimizes the overall chip area and power dissipation of the proposed ADC at the target resolution and sampling rate while switched-bias power reduction techniques reduce the power consumption of analog amplifiers. A low-power sample-and-hold amplifier maintains 10b resolution for input frequencies up to 60MHz based on a single-stage amplifier and nominal CMOS sampling switches using low threshold-voltage transistors. A signal insensitive 3-D fully symmetric layout reduces the capacitor and device mismatch of a multiplying D/A converter while low-noise reference currents and voltages are implemented on chip with optional off-chip voltage references. The employed down-sampling clock signal selects the sampling rate of 25MS/s or 10MS/s with a reduced power depending on applications. The prototype ADC in a 0.13um 1P8M CMOS technology demonstrates the measured DNL and INL within 0.42LSB and 0.91LSB and shows a maximum SNDR and SFDR of 56dB and 65dB at all sampling frequencies up to 2SMS/s, respectively. The ADC with an active die area if $0.8mm^2$ consumes 4.8mW at 25MS/s and 2.4mW at 10MS/s at a 1.2V supply.