• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.275-280
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to investigate the selection of regional double cropping system for production of organic forage in middle part of Korea. The species of forage crop used in this experiment were corn, $sorghum\;{\times}\;sudangrass$ hybrid and japanese millet for summer crops and rye and Italian ryegrass for winter crops. $Sorghum\;{\times}\;sudangrass$ hybrid showed higher DM (dry matter) and TDN (total digestible nutrient) yield than that of corn. Dry matter yield of corn decreased to 56% that of control because of weed. In winter crops, DM and TDN yield of rye is higher than that of Italian ryegrass. Rye was more adequate to produce organic forage in middle part of Korea. We could not find out the difference of nutrient value between each treatments. It means that the amount of nutrient is affected by DM productivity of each crop. The result of this study indicated that $sorghum{\times}sudangrass$ hybrid (summer crop) and rye (winter crop) cropping system could be recommended as producing high yield of organic forage in middle part of Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.245-250
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• 2015

This study was conducted from October 2014 to May 2015 to explore forage production and feed values of Italian ryegrass, Rye and whole crop barley as winter forage crops in the Southern region of Korea. The experimental location was over 10 points for each species and each sampling point area was $1m^2$ (Width: 1 m ${\times}$ Length: 1 m). Air mean temperature and rainfall in the Southern region of Korea during the experimental period was $6.95{\pm}5.75^{\circ}C$ and $70.45{\pm}54.68mm$, respectively. Fresh forage yield of Italian ryegrass, the most cultivated forage in the Southern region of Korea, was $44.4{\pm}7.0ton/ha$. The percentage of dry matter for whole crop barley was $28.9{\pm}7.0%$. Crude protein (CP) was higher in Italian ryegrass ($10.7{\pm}5.3%$) while total digestible nutrient (TDN) had the highest value in whole crop barley. Crude protein was not significantly different by location. However, the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and total digestible nutrient value of forage from Jeonbuk province were higher than in forage from Gyeongnam province.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.385-392
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• 2012

This study was conducted to find out the optimum cropping system for the stable production of forage crops in the newly reclaimed land located at Gwanghwal and Gyehwa region of Saemangum reclaimed tide land from October, 2009 to October, 2011. Whole crop barley (WCB), Rye, Italyan-ryegrass (IRG) as winter crops and Corn, Sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid (SSH) as summer crops were cultivated. Soil chemical properties, nutrient uptake, feed value, growth and yield were examinated. The testing soil was showed saline alkali soil where the contents of organic matter, available phosphate and exchangeable calcium were very low, while exchangeable sodium and magnesium were higher. Changes of soil salinity during the growing season of forage crops were less than 0.2%, and the growth of forage crops was not affected by salt injury. Standing rates of winter crops were higher in the order of Rye, WCB, and IRG, while the dry matter yield of winter crops was higher in the order of IRG, Rye and WCB. The highest crude protein (CP) content was recorded in IRG, and total digestive nutrients (TDN) contents were increased in the order of WCB, IRG, and Rye. The TDN content was higher in corn, whereas other feed value was higher in SSH. The content of mineral nutrients on stem, leaf and grain in IRG, Corn were high. After experiment pH was lowed, contents of exchangeable magnesium, sodium and organic matter were decreased while contents of total nitrogen, available phosphate and exchangeable potassium, calcium were increased. Winer crops and summer crops after continually cultivating in cropping system, fresh matter yield increased, compared to WCB-Corn (74,740 kg $ha^{-1}$), IRG-SSH 10%, IRG-Corn 7%, Rye-SSH 6%, Rye-Corn and WCB-SSH 3%. Dry matter yield increased, compared to WCB-Corn (20,280 kg $ha^{-1}$), IRG-SSH 7%, Rye-SSH 6%, IRG-Corn/Rye-Corn/WCB-SSH 3%. The TDN yield increased, compared to WCB-Corn (13,830 kg $ha^{-1}$), IRG-SSH 2%, WCB-SSH and IRG-Corn 1%. Therefore, we suggest that the crop combination of IRG-SSH and WCB-SSH would be preferred for silage stable production.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.149-155
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• 2020

Cattle feeding in South Korea has been heavily dependent on domestically produced rice straw and imported grain. Around 42% of domestically produced rice straw is utilized for forage, and the remainder is recycled to restore soil fertility. Approximately 35% of round baleages were made with rice straw. However, higher quality hay is desired over rice straw. Due to increasing stockpiles of rice, there has been an economic burden on the government to store the surplus; therefore production of annual forage crops in rice fields has been further promoted in recent years. Hay import from the USA currently constitutes more than 80% of total imported hays. The main imported hays are alfalfa (Medicago sativa), timothy (Phleum pretense), and tall fescue (Festica arundinacea). The estimated forage required for cattle feeding was approximately 5.4 million MT in 2016. Domestically produced forage sates only 43% of that value, while low quality rice straw and imported hay covered the rest of demand by 33% and 20%, respectively. As utilization of domestically produced forage is more desirable for forage-based cattle production, long-term strategies have been necessary to promote domestic production of high quality baleage. One such strategy has been utilizing the fertile soil and abundance of fallow rice fields of western region of S. Korea to produce forage crops. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) is the most successfully produced winter annual in the region and is approximately 56% of the total winter annual forage production. Forage sorghums (Sorghum bicolor), sorghum × sudangrass hybrids, and hybrid corn (Zea mays) produce a substantial amount of warm-season forage during summer. Produced forage has been largely stored through baleage due to heavy dew and frequent rains and has been evaluated according to S. Korea's newly implemented baleage commodity evaluation system. The system weighs 50% of its total grading points on moisture content because of its importance in deliverable DM content and desirable baleage fermentation; this has proved to be an effective method. Although further improvement is required for the future of forage production in South Korea, the current government-led forage production in rice fields has been able to alleviate some of the country's shortage for quality hay.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.193-198
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• 2000

Plant characteristics of four winter crop hairy vetch, red clover, crimson clover and rye as green manure were evaluated at three harvesting time(Apri1 23, May 9, May 28) in spring to select superior winter green manure crop. Rye and hairy vetch had superior wintering ability and produced high dry matter compared with crimson clover and red clover. But N amount of rye was small because of its low plant N% despite of early dry matter accumulation. Wintering ability of crimson clover was very poor, so its dry matter decreased rapidly with low seeding rate. Hairy vetch had high N % (4%, C:N ratio 11) and produced high N yield among four plant. It is estimated that hairy vetch have high N-fixing ability because its N% was not changed largely despite of dry matter accumulation at late harvesting time contrast to the other legume. It was thought that hairy vetch was superior green manure crop in considering yield of dry matter and N. (Key words : Winter legumes, Hairy vetch, Green manure yield, Nitrogen concentration)

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.192-197
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• 1995

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the grazing performance of dairy cattle for winter rye, sorghum-sudangrass hybrid and oat including of rape in Hwa seong-gun, Kyeonggido, from 1993 to 1994. Each crops were utilized from the stage of 8-leaves to late blooming for sorghum-sudangrass, and from final leaves to soft dough for winter rye and oat plant. Under three different cropping system of winter rye-sorghum x sudangrass, spring oat-sorghum X sudangrass-autumn oat, and silage corn-autumn oat, a succeshl hehage production was available for grazing performance from April 26 to December 15, continuously. Annual dry matter yields for grazing allowance were 26.1 tontha in average of all cropping system. Autumn oat rnixtured with rape showed the highest herbage utilization with 91.6% grazing intensity and the lowest in sorghum-sudangrass with a value of 60.6- 69.1 %. Labor investment for herbage production were 805 hour in the cutting management and 339 hour per hectar in the grazing utilization.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.292-298
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• 2010

This study aims to understand the contribution rate of plant parts on biomass in five winter forage crops including barley, wheat, oat, rye and triticale. In barley and oat, the major plant parts on dry matter yields were changed from culm to spike at 20 days after heading(DAH), but culm was very important part on biomass of rye, wheat and triticales until 30DAH. Wheat, rye and triticales showed same pattern in dry weight increase indicating that culm was main component of biomass from heading stage but spike became heavier after 30 DAR. Barley and oat were similar in dry weight increase where spike was the main components of biomass at 20 DAR. After heading stage the major biomass of most winter forage crops were dependent on the weight of culm and spike, while the contribution of leaves to plant biomass was lower as compared to culm and spike. Thus culm and spike were very important factors for improving the dry matter production of winter forage crops breeding and early maturing is also additively required under Korean climatic condition.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.108-115
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• 1991

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of cattle compost application on the change of soil physical properties and their relationship to yield performance of selected main forage crops. Maize(CV. Suweon 19) and sorghum hybrids(CV. Pioneer 9'31) as a summer crops and winter rye were grown on newly reclaimed red yellow soils(Fine loamy, Typic Hapludults) under different application rate of cattle compost associated with chemical NPK fertilization, from Oct. 1986 to Sept. 1989. Experimental field was laid down as a split plots design with four replications. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Cattle compost application reclaimed soil physical propeties, such as formation of granular structure and water holding capacity, and it result in a great increase of plant growth and the rate of dry matter accumulation. 2. While cattle compost treatment reduced the portion of soild phase of the three phase constituents of soils, it increased the portion of air phase and liquid phase comparatively. 3. Organic matter, N, P, K, and mineral content in soil were markedly increased in the plot treated with compost. 4. Cattle compost application increased fodder production both in maize-rye and sorghum hybrids-rye cultivation. Annual dry matter yield of maize-rye cropping was 2183(NI'K only), 2425(NPK+compvst 3000 kg) and 2800kg/lOa(NPK + compost 6000kg/10a).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.275-280
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• 2013

We examined the use of basic forage data and indicators of forage productivity in different regions of Korea. The productivity of winter forage crops was evaluated from mid to late May 2012 by directly collecting information from farmhouses. A survey of winter forage crop productivity was conducted with 66 farmers in 16 regions; including, Italian ryegrass (IRG) from 22 farmers in 11 regions, whole crop barley from 21 farmers in eight regions, rye from 11 farmers in five regions, and IRG mixed with whole crop barley from 12 farmers in six regions. The results indicated that the Konju region exhibited higher yields of dry matter (DM) forage (15,128 kg/ha) and that the Dangjin region (reclaimed land) showed the lowest (3,885 kg/ha). The average yield of DM forage was 9,418 kg/ha. Yields of whole crop barley and IRG mixed with whole crop barley were comparatively higher than those of rye and IRG. We conclude that overall forage productivity was influenced by farmer's cultivation ability rather than the forage cultivation environment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.286-290
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• 2018

This study was carried on comparison of forage yields and growth of cropping system as forage (winter & summer) in Cheonan 2015~2016. The species of forage crop used were Barley (cv. Youngyang), Sorghum (cv. SX17), Proso millet (domestic) and Japanese millet (cv. Jeju). Plant height is the lowest when harvested in lough stage than in the harvests of all summer crops. The dry matter yield of lough stage was 1,343 kg/10a in barley. Looking at the dry matter according to cropping systems, the sorghum was higher at 10,018 kg when harvested at the lough stage than at the harvest. Dry matter of Proso millet and Japanese millet also had higher at the lough stage than at other harvest times. ADF content of sorghum was lower than that of harvesting, but Proso millet and Japanese millet showed higher ADF content in lough stage. The NDF content of the three crops was higher than that of the harvests, and crude protein content was higher in harvest than that of at lough stage. Total production of crude protein against dry matter yield was about 761 kg when sorghum was harvested at lough stage. There was no difference in the content of TDN among three crops according to harvesting time.