• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.5
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• pp.218-225
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• 2016

Purpose: The recent increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases is hypothetically attributed to immune dysregulation in turn caused by a reduction in exposure to sunlight. We explored relationships between birth season, sunlight exposure, exercise duration, and an allergic disease. Methods: We performed a questionnaire-based survey on allergic diseases among elementary school students. Birth time was categorized according to the season (summer and winter). Results: The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) "symptoms ever" was higher in the children born in winter than in those born in summer (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.49; P=0.024). Birth in winter was associated with an increase in the "symptoms in the past 12 months" prevalence of food allergy (FA) (aOR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.09-2.24; P=0.015). The lifetime prevalence of allergic diseases except FA was higher in the children whose parents considered their sunlight exposure prior to 24 months of ageas inadequate than those who considered their exposure as adequate ("diagnosis ever" asthma: aOR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.17-1.67; P<0.001; allergic rhinitis [AR]: aOR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.17-1.67; P<0.001; AD: aOR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.06-1.51; P=0.01). Neither recent sunlight exposure nor exercise duration was associated with the prevalence of an allergic disease. Conclusion: Birth in winter may be associated with development of AD and FA. Inadequate sunlight exposure before the age of 24 months might possibly increase the risks of development of asthma, AR, and AD.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1983

The author studied on the distribution of V. parahaemolyticus among sea water, sea mud, and various marine products in Jeju, Keoje, Namhae, Yockji, Busan, and Masan on the southern seas of Korea from winter in 1981 to summer in 1982. The author studies for the isolated strains to bacteriological identification Kanagawa phenomenon(hemolytic activity) on Modified Wagatuma blood agar plates and serotypes with anti V. parahaemolyticus. The results obtained were as follows:. 1. V. parahaemolyticus was isolated in 713 strains(28.3%) among 2519 total specimens of sea water, sea mud, and various marine products. 2. The isolation rates of V. parahaemolyticus in summer season were higher than in spring and winter season. Above results were 304 strains(32.6%) among 932 specimens in summer, 160 strains (28.1%) among 570 specimens in spring, 149 strains(14.6%) among 1017 specimens in winter, respectively. 3. The hemolysis on Modified Wagatuma agar added human erythrocytes was 66.0% of positive Kanagawa phenomenon, and was 34.0% of negative Kanagawa phenomenon, respectively. 4. The distributions of serotypes of V. parahaemolyticus isolated were from KI to K VIII of K pooling antisera. The results were 6 strains(6.6%) on K 1 of K I, 14 strains(l5.5%) on K 17 of K II, 26 strains(28.8%) on K 28 of K IV. 10 strains(11.1%) on K 32 of KV, 4 strains(4.4%) on K 39 of KV, 8 strains(8.8%) on K 42 of K VI, 2 strains(2.2%) on K 48 of K VII, 1 strain(1.1%) on K 50 of K II and 7 strains(7.7%) on K 55 of K VII, respectively. 5. V. parahaemolyticus was more frequently isolated from sea mud than sea water and various marine prdoucts in winter season. 6. There was no great difference as far as the distribution of V. parahaemolyticus concerned in Jeju, Keoje, Namhae, Yockji, Busan and Masan of the southern seas of Korea.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.247-254
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• 2021

An outbreak of the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, was observed in welsh onion cultured in greenhouse during winter season (Jan ~ Feb). The thrips was identified using DNA barcode. Weekly occurrence was around 240 ~ 700 adults per trap. Trap color gave significant influence on the capture efficiency with a preference on yellow compared to blue sticky trap. Subsequently, most (> 90%) onions exhibited a damage symptom induced by the thrips. This outbreak was observed only in a specific area but not in nearby greenhouses. This discontinuous occurrence pattern was further investigated by analyzing flight behavior through in- and out- door tests. About 1.5 mm-body length adults could jump up to about 5 cm and fly up to 2 m in altitude, which was the top of the greenhouse. This suggested their migrating potential to nearby (< 2 m) greenhouses. However, few were detected in the neighboring places probably due to physical hindrance with low temperatures between greenhouses. This is reasoned why the onion thrips forms a patch distribution among greenhouses during winter season.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.748-756
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• 2019

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of using a tunnel ventilation system within the dairy barn environment upon the productivity of dairy cows during the winter season. Methods: The study was performed at the University Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University. Twenty-one Holstein dairy cows (5 heifers and 16 multiparous) were enclosed in a stall barn. Unventilated (UV) and tunnel-ventilated (TV) was operated by turns every other week, and a number of key parameters were measured in the barn, including tunnel ventilation output, temperature, relative humidity, gas concentrations (oxygen [$O_2$], carbon dioxide [$CO_2$], and ammonia [$NH_3$]). Also, skin and rectal temperature, respiratory rate, blood gas concentrations, and bacterial count were measured from nipple attachments on ten cows. The amount of fodder left uneaten, and general components and somatic cell count of the milk were measured. Results: As for our dairy barn environment, air temperature dropped significantly with the passage of time with TV. Humidity was significantly higher with TV at 0600 h compared to UV, while $CO_2$ and $NH_3$ concentrations with UV were significantly higher than with TV at 0000 h and 0600 h. Skin temperature was significantly lower with TV compared to UV at 0000 h and 0600 h. Respiratory rate was also significantly lower at 0600 h with TV than with UV. Bacterial count for the nipple attachments was significantly lower with TV than with UV at 0600 h. The amount of leftover fodder was significantly less with TV in comparison with UV. Conclusion: Our results suggest that a TV system in the winter barn results in environmental improvements, such as reductions in unfavorable gas concentrations and bacterial growth. Consequently, it is expected that barns utilizing a TV system will be beneficial for both animal health and production.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.653-660
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• 2022

Gravel scattering that is generated during operation of high-speed railway vehicle is cause to damage of vehicle such as windows, axle protector and so on. Especially, those are frequently occurred in winter season when snow ice is generated easily. Above all, damage of vehicle windows has not only caused maintenance cost but also increased psychological anxiety of passengers. Various methods such as heating system using copper wire, heating jacket and heating air are applied to remove snow ice generated on the under-body of vehicle. However, the methods require much run-time and man power which can be low effectiveness of work. Therefore, this paper shows that large-area heating system was developed based on heating coat in order to fundamentally prevent snow ice damage on high-speed railway vehicle in the winter season. This system gives users high convenience because that can remotely control the heating system using IoT-based wireless communication. For evaluating the applicability to railroad sites, a field test on an actual high-speed railroad operation was conducted by applying these techniques to the brake cylinder of a high-speed railroad vehicle. From the results, it evaluated how input voltage and electric power per unit area of the heating specimen influences exothermic performance to draw the permit power condition for icing. In the future, if the system developed in the study is applied at the railroad site, it may be used as a technique for preventing all types of damages occurring due to snow ice in winter.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.419-431
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• 2013

It was turned out by the beam trawl survey in 2009 that flora of three phylum 16 species and fauna of eight taxa 68 families 97 species were inhabited in the Seomjin River estuary and western coastal waters of Namhae island. Winter season showed the most various appearance of species with 63 species and markedly several kinds of algae species, while summer season showed the lowest number of species with 44 species. However, the indices of species diversity and evenness were highest in summer, and vice versa in winter. Major dominant species were Crangon hakodatei, Leiognathus nuchalis, Asterias amurensis, Thryssa kammalensis, Luidia quinaria, Amblychaeturichthys hexanema, Oratosquilla oratoria, Charybdis bimaculata, Cynoglossus joyneri, Pennahia agentata. The 10 dominant species occupied at 81.4% of catch in number and 49.0% of catch in weight. There were seasonal fluctuations and differences by station in the Seomjin River estuary and western coastal waters of Namhae island, which brought to the difference of length structures, that is, bigger-sized individuals of major dominant species at station A (near to river estuary) than station C (near to ocean). Species compositions by season and by station were separated to two groups. Winter season showed a separated species composition from other seasons and station A exhibited a different species composition from other stations, which was located at near to the Seomjin River estuary.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.437-445
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• 2014

A time-series sediment trap was operated at a water depth of 4950 m from July 2003 to May 2004 at KOMO station ($10^{\circ}30^{\prime}N$, $131^{\circ}20^{\prime}W$) in the northeastern equatorial Pacific, with the aim of understanding the temporal variation of planktonic foraminifera assemblages in response to the seasonal shift of Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). A total of 22130 planktonic foraminifera specimens belonging to 30 species and 11 genera were identified, which shows a distinct seasonal variation with high values (125~288 specimens $m^{-2}day^{-1}$) in the winter to spring (December-May) and low values (16~23 specimens $m^{-2}day^{-1}$) in the fall (September-November). In addition, seasonal ecological differences of foraminifera assemblages are distinctly recognizable: omnivorous foraminifera occurred predominantly during the summer season, whereas herbivorous ones were dominant during the winter season. Such seasonal variations correspond to the seasonal shift of the ITCZ. Enhanced occurrence of herbivorous species during the winter-spring season seems a result of surface water mixing generated by the southward shift of the ITCZ. The increase in omnivorous species during the summer season may be due to the northward movement of the ITCZ caused by weakened wind speed, resulting in the intensification of water column stratification and nutrient-poor environment. A significant reduction of planktonic foraminifera specimens during the fall is attributed to heavy precipitation and reduction in light intensity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.29-39
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• 2009

Research was initiated to investigate a vegetation characteristics of the winter season by seeding periods. 3 seeding periods (Mid-December seeding plot, Late January seeding plot and Early March seeding plot) and 3 zones (the top zone, the middle zone and the bottom zone) in each plot were treated with 3 replications on the experimented slope. Data such as vegetation coverage (%), soil hardness (MPa), temperature ($^{\circ}C$) and moisture (%) content were analyzed. The vegetation coverage was high in Early March seeding plot, medium in Mid-December, and low in Late January seeding plot. Early March seeding plot was effective in moisture content, soil hardness, and temperature for the growth of vegetation when compared to Late January seeding plot and Mid-December seeding plot. From the standpoint of coverage ratio of plant species, the coverage of Dianthus sinensis and Albizzia julibrissin were high in the Late January seeding plot whereas the coverage of Lotus corniculatus and Cool-season turfgrass were high in Early March seeding plot. These results indicated that the high vegetation coverage of Dianthus sinensis and Albizzia julibrissin in Early March seeding plot was caused by scarification during winter season. There was no difference observed in plant height regardless of seeding periods except in early surveying time of May and June after seeding. As far as each zone of the plot was concerned, the vegetation coverage was high. in the bottom zone, medium in the middle zone and low in the top zone. The bottom area of the experimented slope was high in moisture content when compared to the middle zone and the top zone.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.509-516
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• 2011

The performance of naked neck and normal chicken was evaluated with respect to growth, carcass, immune, biochemical and stress parameters under winter and summer seasons to assess the suitability of naked neck birds under high temperatures in the global scenario of climate change. The growth performance was significantly ($p{\leq}0.05$) higher in naked neck chicken in the summer season. The dressing percentage was significantly ($p{\leq}0.05$) higher in naked neck birds in both winter and summer season because of reduced plumage. The thigh, giblet and feather proportion significantly ($p{\leq}0.05$) varied between naked neck and normal chickens in summer season. The humeral immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), Newcastle disease vaccine (NDV) and cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) did not show any significant differences among the chicken groups. The protein and cholesterol concentration observed was within the normal ranges. The total cholesterol levels in plasma were significantly ($p{\leq}0.05$) lower in naked neck birds in both the seasons. H:L ratio was significantly ($p{\leq}0.05$) lower in summer season indicating less stress in naked neck chicken. Basophil and eosinophil concentration was significantly ($p{\leq}0.05$) higher in normal chicken in summer. The lipid peroxidation was higher in full feathered birds under summer stress. The enzyme glutathione reductase (GR) levels were significantly higher during the summer and varied significantly ($p{\leq}0.05$) between the normal and naked neck chicken in both seasons. The results indicated that the naked neck birds performed significantly better at high ambient temperatures with respect to growth, carcass and biochemical parameters. It was concluded that the ability of the naked neck chicken to adapt to high temperatures foresees a viable option for the biological mitigation of climate change.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.591-601
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• 2013

In modern society, we are living indoor at 80 - 90 % or more of the day, therefore most people are exposed to unconscious indoor air pollutants by various causes. When mother and infant, whose level of immunity are weak, are exposed to polluted indoor air, respiratory diseases and atopy can occur by the growth of bacteria. Therefore, appropriate indoor air quality management is important especially at nursery, elementary school and postpartum clinic etc. In this study, we compared the characteristics of the indoor air qualities of primary school facilities and infant facilities. In this study, seasonal effects were investigated. Also the effects of individual activity area were studied for indoor air quality. During summer season(May-August), the air qualities of each 16 elementary school and nursery school were investigated. During winter season(October-december), the air qualities of each 10 elementary school and nursery school were investigated. As a result, during winter season in 10 of 16 nursery school, $CO_2$ concentration exceeded regulation level of 1000 ppm. This resulted from the operation of heating system and poor ventilation. Also the air quality of all parameters during winter season were worse than during summer, maybe due to poor ventilation. Except HCHO, the concentrations of other parameters were higher in nursery school. This seems to result from relatively low individual activity area of nursery school than elementary school. From this research, more strong regulation for ventilation and installation of air purifier should be implemented.