• Title/Summary/Keyword: Wind hole

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Fruit Quality and Fruit Locule Air Hole of Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward) Affected by Early Defoliation (조기낙엽이 참다래 '헤이워드' 과실 바람들이와 품질에 미치는 영향)

  • Kwack, Yong-Bum;Kim, Hong-Lim;Choi, Young-Hah;Lee, Jae-Han;Kim, Jin-Gook;Lee, Yong-Bok
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.31 no.3
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    • pp.229-234
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    • 2012
  • BACKGROUND: The fruit quality and flowering characteristics of Kiwifruit (A. deliciosa cv. Hayward) in the following year is known to be affected by the extent and timing of defoliation of the current year. In korea, the production of kiwi, which is a perennial, straggling deciduous warm-temperate fruit, is often restricted by wind damage due to typhoons resulting to defoliation at the middle season of its growing period. In this paper, we report the effect of the different timing of defoliation and severities at the current season to the kiwifruit quality. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty seven-year-old 'Hayward' trees grown under polyethylene film rain-shelter were defoliated in different days from August to September at seven day-intervals. In each day, 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of leaves were removed from the trees. Fruits from each treatment were classified into four floating types (L: lying in bottom, S: standing on bottom, F: floating and SF: floating at the surface of water) by submerging them into tap water. Defoliation of kiwifruit trees in August and September caused air holes in locules of inner pericarp. Increased number of air hole in locules of a fruit was observed in floating types F and SF, and most of the air holes were located in stem end. The defoliation of trees in August significantly reduced the ratio of L-floating type fruits, which have the least number of locule air holes. The extent of defoliation also affected the distribution of the four types, the more leaves removed, the less L-floating type fruits harvested. The weight of fruits from trees defoliated in August was lower than that of fruits from September. Soluble solids content decreased as the number of locule air holes increased. Negative correlations were observed between the extent of defoliation and the weight and soluble solids content of fruits. CONCLUSION: Early defoliation effect on kiwifruit locule air hole occurrence and fruit quality were more severe in August than in September. And also if the defoliation severity is over 25%, severe fruit quality reduction expected to happen due to increase of fruit locule air hole in the inner pericarp.

Production Techniques for the Metal Artifacts Excavated in Hasong-ri, Yeongwol and Their Conservation Treatment (영월 하송리 출토 금속유물 보존처리 및 제작기법 연구)

  • Lee, Byeong Hoon;Go, Hyeong Sun;Kim, Soo-Ki
    • Conservation Science in Museum
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    • v.21
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    • pp.53-66
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    • 2019
  • This study describes the processes undertaken for the conservation treatment of metal artifacts excavated in Hasong-ri, Yeongwol, Gangwon-do and the results of the related surface composition analysis. X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) was applied to analyze the surface composition of a small gilt-bronze wind chime, two clappers, and a small gourd-shaped bronze bottle. The gourd-shaped bronze bottle was investigated using radiography to examine its internal structure. The wind chime and clappers were excavated from the same location. A gilt layer was identified on the wind chime, but surface corrosion made it difficult to identify any such layers on the clappers. The element analysis revealed that the wind chime was made of bronze in a Cu-Sn-Pb ternary system and was gilt-plated using mercury amalgam. The clappers were made from copper with a small amount of gold detected, but did not show any evidence of mercury. Since a thick corrosion layer was affixed to the surface of each clapper, it was impossible to identify the surface composition and determine if the clappers had been gilded. It is possible that the gold detected from the clappers was a foreign substance or had detached from the giltbronze wind chime buried alongside them. The small gourd-shaped bronze bottle was investigated through surface element analysis and radiography to verify if it was a type of silver bottle used as currency during the Goryeo dynasty. The radiography photography identified that a small hole in the middle of the base had been stopped up. The general surface analysis did not detect silver, which suggests that the bottle was made of bronze instead and was not one of the silver bottles used as a means of currency.

Modeling Gamma-Ray Emission From the High-Mass X-Ray Binary LS 5039

  • Owocki, Stan;Okazaki, Atsuo;Romero, Gustavo
    • Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.51-55
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    • 2012
  • A few high-mass X-ray binaries-consisting of an OB star plus compact companion-have been observed by Fermi and ground-based Cerenkov telescopes like High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) to be sources of very high energy (VHE; up to 30 TeV) ${\gamma}$-rays. This paper focuses on the prominent ${\gamma}$-ray source, LS 5039, which consists of a massive O6.5V star in a 3.9-day-period, mildly elliptical ($e{\approx}0.24$) orbit with its companion, assumed here to be an unmagnetized compact object (e.g., black hole). Using three dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of the Bondi-Hoyle accretion of the O-star wind onto the companion, we find that the orbital phase variation of the accretion follows very closely the simple Bondi-Hoyle-Lyttleton (BHL) rate for the local radius and wind speed. Moreover, a simple model, wherein intrinsic emission of ${\gamma}$-rays is assumed to track this accretion rate, reproduces quite well Fermi observations of the phase variation of ${\gamma}$-rays in the energy range 0.1-10 GeV. However for the VHE (0.1-30 TeV) radiation observed by the HESS Cerenkov telescope, it is important to account also for photon-photon interactions between the ${\gamma}$-rays and the stellar optical/UV radiation, which effectively attenuates much of the strong emission near periastron. When this is included, we find that this simple BHL accretion model also quite naturally fits the HESS light curve, thus making it a strong alternative to the pulsar-wind-shock models commonly invoked to explain such VHE ${\gamma}$-ray emission in massive-star binaries.

Effect of White and Blue Wind Net Shading on the Quality of 'Fuji' and 'Hongro' Apple Fruits (백색 및 청색 방풍망 차광 처리가 '후지', '홍로' 사과 과실의 품질에 미치는 영향)

  • Kang, Kyeong-Jin;Seo, Jeong-Hak;Yoon, Hong-Ki;Seo, Jeong-Seok;Joo, Jung-Il;Chun, Jong-Pil
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.120-129
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    • 2020
  • In Yesan-gun, Korea's main apple-producing region, the area of apple cultivation and yield are declining. In particular, the worsening quality of fruits due to unusually high temperatures amid recent climate change has also become a major challenge for apple orchards located on flatlands. The objective of this research is to investigate quality changes of apples according to different growing environments, depending on the shade of the sun, by covering the trees with different colors of wind nets. A white and blue wind nets with a hole size of 2 × 2 mm is installed on two experimental trees, 17-year-old 'Fuji' and 'Hongro', which are planted 1.5 m × 3.5 m in the north-south direction. Treatment of wind nets effectively lowered fruit surface temperature regardless of apple variety. When measuring the temperature of the fruit surface at 2 pm, the temperature of the air was 34.8℃, but the 'Fuji' of the untreated blocks was the highest at 40.0℃, while the blue wind net and the white wind net were significantly lower at 34.9℃ and 36.6℃, respectively. In 'Hongro', the results showed that the surface temperature was effectively lowered by recording 38.3℃ for the blue wind net and 38.5℃ for the white wind net treatment when the untreated one was 44.2℃. According to the color difference in 'Fuji', the skin redness (a) was the lowest with untreated control at 16.5, but the blue and white wind net treatment higher at 18.0 and 19.3, respectively. In 'Hongro', the white wind net treated fruit also showed a much higher skin redness than the untreated control of 28.1, showing much higher a of 34.9. Sunburn damage in 'Fuji' apples amounted to 9.4% in untreated control. However, the blue and white wind net treatment revealed to 3.8% and 4.2%, respectively. In 'Hongro', those damage in the fruits treated with blue or white wind net, accounted for only 8.8% and 12.4%, respectively, significantly lower than 28.8% occurrence of untreated one. And, these results were understood to be the result of low UV radiation being blocked by the treatment of wind nets.

Parameters Affecting the Consequences of the Unconfined Vapor Cloud Explosion Accident by the Release of Heavy Gas (무거운 가스의 누출에 의한 개방공간 증기운 폭발사고에서 사고결과에 미치는 매개변수의 영향)

  • Kim, Tae-Ok;Ham, Byeong-Ho;Cho, Ji-Hoon
    • Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.21-27
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    • 2007
  • This paper analyses the effect of parameters on the consequences of the unconfined vapor cloud explosion accident (UVCE) by the release of heavy gas (xylene vapor). Simulation results showed that the overpresure was increased with the increase of the release hole diameter and with the decrease of the interested distance and the wind speed. While, the overpresure was not nearly affected by the release height, weather and environmental conditions. From the results of the consequence analysis and analysis of affecting the consequences of UVCE, the emergency plan should be established taking into account these parameters.

An Investigation and Analysis on Actual Condition of Energy Utilizations in Farmhouse for Environmental-friendly Planning of Rural Villages (친환경 농촌마을계획을 위한 주거 에너지 이용실태 조사 분석)

  • Nam, Sang-Woon;Kim, Dae-Sik
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.49 no.6
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    • pp.55-62
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    • 2007
  • Actual states of energy utilizations were investigated and analyzed on three representative rural villages in Chungcheongnam-Do. Rural residents were almost using the ondol boiler as a heating facility and oil(diesel, kerosene) and electricity(night thermal-storage power service) as a heating energy. There were a few households using briquette or firewood in a fuel hole with Korean hypocaust. Most of their cooking facilities were gas ranges using LPG. The most popular hot-water supply system was an oil boiler and the next was an electricity boiler. The amount of energy use in a rural household generally showed 20,000 to 40,000 won/month of the electric power rate, 400 to 800 liter/year of the oil and 60 to 120 kg/year of the LPG. Prompt measures should be taken to promote the spread of new and renewable energy such as solar heat, biomass and wind power, etc.

Chatacteristics of Deep Hole Machining for Duralumin Using Periodical Change of Feedrate (이송속도의 주기적 변화를 이용한 듀랄루민재의 심공가공 특성)

  • 김용제
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers Conference
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    • 2000.04a
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    • pp.240-245
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    • 2000
  • This paper presents the experimental study of drilling for duralumin A2024 with intermittently decelerated feed rate. It is achieved through a programmed periodic increase and decrease in the feed rate using a machining center. The following experimental result were performed with the objective of solving chip to disposal problems. In conventional drilling of aluminum, long continuous chips are produced that wind around the drill causing difficulties in eliminating chips from the cutting zone. In order to acquire the basic data necessary to regulate the chip profile, the relationship between cutting variables and chip shape was investigated. The following conclusions are established from the experimental results. At a suitable feed fluctuation ratio, intermittently decelerated feed drilling proved successful in breaking chips to appropriate lengths while maintaining stable cutting. Thus, it is an effective method for improving chip disposal. The amplitude of the dynamic component of cutting force in intermittent feed frilling is influenced by the feed fluctuation ratio.

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A Study on the Thermal Performance of Radiator for Computer CPU Cooling (컴퓨터 CPU 냉각용 라디에이터의 열성능에 관한 연구)

  • Cha, Dong-An;Kwon, Oh-Kyung;Choi, Mi-Jin;Yun, Jae-Ho
    • Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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    • 2007.11a
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    • pp.258-263
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    • 2007
  • The performance of louver-finned flat-tube radiators for computer CPU liquid cooling were experimentally investigated. In this study, 5 samples of louver-finned flat-tube radiators with different width size (19mm, 24mm), tube hole (1, 9) and pass number (1, 2, 5) were tested in a wind tunnel. The experiments were conducted under the different air velocity ranging from 1 to 5 m/s. The water flow rate through a pass was 1.7 LPM. Inlet temperatures of air and water were $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ respectively. The results showed that the best performance in the 24mm sample considering pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient.

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Floristic Study of Algific Talus Slope (Yeotan-ri, Jeongseon-gun) in a Specific Area of Forest Biodiversity (산림생물다양성 특정지역 풍혈지(정선군 여탄리)의 관속식물상)

  • Lee, Jong-Won;Yun, Ho-Geun;Hwang, Tae Young;An, Jong Bin
    • Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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    • v.35 no.2
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    • pp.317-345
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    • 2022
  • This study carried out a survey to utilize basic data for the conservation of northern lineage plants that are vulnerable to climate change, targeting algific talus slope of a specific forest biodiversity region in Yeotan-ri, Jeongseon-eup, Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon-do. The survey was conducted by dividing the wind hole into 625 m2 inside and 6,925 m2 outside based on the wind hole. The vascular flora were identified as 84 families, 203 genera, 296 species, 6 subs., 27 var., 2 for., and a total of 331 taxa. This was found to be about 7% of 4,724 species of vascular plants in Korea. Plants endemic to the Korean peninsula were identified as 19 taxa, including Syringa fauriei, and 11 taxa for rare plants designated by IUCN. Critically endangered grade (CR) was Paeonia obovata 1 taxa, Endangered grade (EN) was Forsythia saxatilis and Prunus choreiana 2 taxa. A total of 78 taxa were florisitc target species, and 19 taxa were classified for indicator plants in the limestone area. As for alien plants, 20 taxa such as Taraxacum officinale were identified, and the naturalization rate was 6.04% and the urbanization rate was 5.33%. Geographical plants of the study area are 2 taxa of Syringa fauriei and Syringa villosa subsp. wolfii.

Modeling of Ocean Circulation in the Neighboring Seas of Korean Peninsula from Global Ocean Circulation Model (전구 해수순환 수치모형에 의한 한반도 주변의 순환 모사)

  • Choi Bung Ho;Choi Young Jin;Kim Cheol Ho
    • Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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    • v.16 no.4
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    • pp.241-257
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    • 2004
  • Global prognostic models based on NCOM(NCAR CSM Ocean Model) of NCAR which is generic from Bryan-Cox-Semtner model are established to study the ocean circulation in the neighboring seas of Korean peninsula. The model domain covers areas from $80.6{^\circ}S~88.6{^\circ}N$in meridional direction and the vertical water column is divided into 15 levels taking enhanced grid resolution of $0.3^\circ$ around Korean peninsula. Island option is used for 22 islands to simulate inshore circulation by hole-relaxation method and the restart hydrographic data are taken from NCAR(1998) CSM model that has been run for 300 years. The wind stress data are taken from Choi et al. (2002). Based on the model results, circulation patterns in the NW Pacific and global oceans are investigated. Volume transports calculated at five straits in the neighboring seas of Korean peninsula are compared with the results from Choi et al. (2002) and other observed data.