• Wind and Structures
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2023

The wake behavior of extended flat plate and serration in the trailing edge of S809 airfoil is presented in this experimental study using wind tunnel testing. The clustering of wind turbines in wind parks has recently been a pressing issue, due to the expected increase in power output and deciding the number of wind turbines to be installed. One of the prominent factors which influence the performance of the subsequent wind turbines is the downstream wake characteristics. A series of wind tunnel investigations were performed to assess the downstream near wake characteristics of the S809 airfoil at various angles of attack corresponding to the Reynolds Number Re = 2.02 × 105. These experimental results revealed the complex nature of the downstream near wake characteristics featuring substantial asymmetry arising out of the incoherent flow separations prevailing over the suction and the pressure sides of the airfoil. Based on the experimental results, it is found that the wake width and the downstream velocity ratio decrease with an increase in the angle of attack. Nonetheless, the dissipation length and downstream velocity ratio increases proportionally in the downstream direction. Additionally, attempts were made to understand the physical nature of the near wake characteristics at 1C, 2C, 3C and 4C downstream locations.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.219-232
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• 2014

The characteristics of turbulent boundary layers over hilly terrain depend strongly on the hill slope and upstream condition, especially inflow turbulence. Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the neutrally stratified turbulent boundary layer over two-dimensional hills. Two kinds of hill shape, a steep one with stable separation and a low one without stable separation, two kinds of inflow condition, laminar turbulent, are considered. An auxiliary simulation, based on the local differential quadrature method and recycling technique, is performed to simulate the inflow turbulence be imposed at inlet boundary of the turbulent inflow, which preserves very well in the computational domain. A large separation bubble is established on the leeside of the steep hill with laminar inflow, while reattachment point moves upstream under turbulent inflow condition. There is stable separation on the side of low hill with laminar inflow, whilw not turbulent inflow. Besides increase of turbulence intensity, inflow can efficiently enhance the speedup around hills. So in practice, it is unreasonable to study wind flow over hilly terrain without considering inflow turbulence.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.591-600
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• 2018

The probabilistic characterization of wind field characteristics is a significant task for fatigue reliability assessment of long-span railway bridges in wind-prone regions. In consideration of the effect of wind direction, the stochastic properties of wind field should be represented by a bivariate statistical model of wind speed and direction. This paper presents the construction of the bivariate model of wind speed and direction at the site of a railway arch bridge by use of the long-term structural health monitoring (SHM) data. The wind characteristics are derived by analyzing the real-time wind monitoring data, such as the mean wind speed and direction, turbulence intensity, turbulence integral scale, and power spectral density. A sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm-based finite mixture modeling method is proposed to formulate the joint distribution model of wind speed and direction. For the probability density function (PDF) of wind speed, a double-parameter Weibull distribution function is utilized, and a von Mises distribution function is applied to represent the PDF of wind direction. The SQP algorithm with multi-start points is used to estimate the parameters in the bivariate model, namely Weibull-von Mises mixture model. One-year wind monitoring data are selected to validate the effectiveness of the proposed modeling method. The optimal model is jointly evaluated by the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and coefficient of determination, $R^2$. The obtained results indicate that the proposed SQP algorithm-based finite mixture modeling method can effectively establish the bivariate model of wind speed and direction. The established bivariate model of wind speed and direction will facilitate the wind-induced fatigue reliability assessment of long-span bridges.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.421-441
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• 2014

With the assistance of typhoon field data at aerial elevation level observed by meteorological satellites and wind velocity and direction records nearby the ground gathered in Guangzhou Weather Station between 1985 and 2001, some key wind field parameters under typhoon climate in Guangzhou region were calibrated based on Monte-Carlo stochastic algorithm and Meng's typhoon numerical model. By using Peak Over Threshold method (POT) and Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD), Wind field characteristics during typhoons for various return periods in several typical engineering fields were predicted, showing that some distribution rules in relation to gradient height of atmosphere boundary layer, power-law component of wind profile, gust factor and extreme wind velocity at 1-3s time interval are obviously different from corresponding items in Chinese wind load Codes. In order to evaluate the influence of typhoon field parameters on long-span flexible bridges, 1:100 reduced-scale wind field of type B terrain was reillustrated under typhoon and normal conditions utilizing passive turbulence generators in TJ-3 wind tunnel, and wind-induced performance tests of aero-elastic model of long-span Guangzhou Xinguang arch bridge were carried out as well. Furthermore, aerodynamic admittance function about lattice cross section in mid-span arch lib under the condition of higher turbulence intensity of typhoon field was identified via using high-frequency force-measured balance. Based on identified aerodynamic admittance expressions, Wind-induced stochastic vibration of Xinguang arch bridge under typhoon and normal climates was calculated and compared, considering structural geometrical non-linearity, stochastic wind attack angle effects, etc. Thus, the aerodynamic response characteristics under typhoon and normal conditions can be illustrated and checked, which are of satisfactory response results for different oncoming wind velocities with resemblance to those wind tunnel testing data under the two types of climate modes.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.269-285
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• 2020

The statistical characteristics of typhoon wind speed records tend to have a considerable time-varying trend; thus, the stationary wind model may not be appropriate to estimate the wind characteristics of typhoon events. Several nonstationary wind speed models have been proposed by pioneers to characterize wind characteristics more accurately, but comparative studies on the applicability of the different wind models are still lacking. In this study, three landfall typhoons, Ampil, Jongdari, and Rumbia, recorded by ultrasonic anemometers atop the Shanghai World Financial Center (SWFC), are used for the comparative analysis of stationary and nonstationary wind characteristics. The time-varying mean is extracted with the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) method, and the time-varying standard deviation is calculated by the autoregressive moving average generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARMA-GARCH) model. After extracting the time-varying trend, the longitudinal wind characteristics, e.g., the probability distribution, power spectral density (PSD), turbulence integral scale, turbulence intensity, gust factor, and peak factor, are comparatively analyzed based on the stationary wind speed model, time-varying mean wind speed model and time-varying standard deviation wind speed model. The comparative analysis of the different wind models emphasizes the significance of the nonstationary considerations in typhoon events. The time-varying standard deviation model can better identify the similarities among the different typhoons and appropriately describe the nonstationary wind characteristics of the typhoons.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2007

Sensitivity analysis of wind resource micrositing has been performed through the application case at the Antarctic King Sejong station with the most representative micrositing softwares: WAsP, WindSim and Meteodyn WT. The wind data obtained from two met-masts separated 625m were applied as a climatology input condition of micro-scale wind mapping. A tower shading effect on the met-mast installed 20m apart from the warehouse has been assessed by the CFD software Fluent and confirmed a negligible influence on wind speed measurement. Theoretically, micro-scale wind maps generated by the two met-data located within the same wind system and strongly correlated meteor-statistically should be identical if nothing influenced on wind prediction but orography. They, however, show discrepancies due to nonlinear effects induced by surrounding complex terrain. From the comparison of sensitivity analysis, Meteodyn WT employing 1-equation turbulence model showed 68% higher RMSE error of wind speed prediction than that of WindSim using the ${\kappa}-{\epsilon}$ turbulence model, while a linear-theoretical model WAsP showed 21% higher error. Consequently, the CFD model WindSim would predict wind field over complex terrain more reliable and less sensitive to climatology input data than other micrositing models. The auto-validation method proposed in this paper and the evaluation result of the micrositing softwares would be anticipated a good reference of wind resource assessments in complex terrain.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.205-215
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• 1994

난류모형을 도입하여 풍성류에 대한 3차원 수치모형을 수립하고, 풍성류 계산에 있어서 연직 와점성계수 산정방법들에 대한 비교평가를 수행하였다. 검토된 방법은 함수형(0-방정식), 1-방정식, 2개의 2-방정식 난류모형($ extsc{k}$-$\varepsilon$과 $textsc{k}$-ι)이며, 난류모형은 난류확산 특성길이의 연직분포에 대한 비교를 통하여 각 방법의 특징이 검토되었다. 양단이 막힌 수로와 순환수로에서 유속의 연직분포 계산결과를 수리실험자료와 비교검증하였다. 분석결과에 의하면 1-방정식 난류모형에 적합한 난류확산 특성길이 산정식은 포물선형이었으며, 2-방정식 난류모형($textsc{k}$-ι 모형과 $textsc{k}$-$\varepsilon$모형)은 대체로 실험치와 일치하는 경향을 보였다. 바람에 의한 영향이 전수심에 미치지 않는 경우에 가정된 연직 와점성계수의 분포는 바람이 영향을 미치는 수심까지만 적용되며, 영향이 없는 수심에서는 연직확산이 거의 일어나지 않아 적정성계수의 크기가 0에 가까웠다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.21-36
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• 2010

A new full scale testing apparatus generically named the Wall of Wind (WoW) has been built by the researchers at the International Hurricane Research Center (IHRC) at Florida International University (FIU). WoW is capable of testing single story building models subjected up to category 3 hurricane wind speeds. Depending on the relative model and WoW wind field sizes, testing may entail blockage issues. In addition, the proximity of the test building to the wind simulator may also affect the aerodynamic data. This study focuses on the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) assessment of the effects on the quality of the aerodynamic data of (i) blockage due to model buildings of various sizes and (ii) wind simulator proximity for various distances between the wind simulator and the test building. The test buildings were assumed to have simple parallelepiped shapes. The computer simulations were performed under both finite WoW wind-field conditions and in an extended Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) wind flow. Mean pressure coefficients for the roof and the windward and leeward walls served as measures of the blockage and wind simulator proximity effects. The study uses the commercial software FLUENT with Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations and a Renormalization Group (RNG) k-${\varepsilon}$ turbulence model. The results indicated that for larger size test specimens (i.e. for cases where the height of test specimen is larger than one third of the wind field height) blockage correction may become necessary. The test specimen should also be placed at a distance greater than twice the height of the test specimen from the fans to reduce proximity effect.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.659-667
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• 2011

최근 초고층 빌딩의 구조설계에 있어서 풍하중이 가장 중요한 하중요소로 다루어지고 있으며, 일반적으로 풍하중 산정은 풍동실험에 의하여 수행되어 왔다. 그러나 보다 간편하면서도 정밀한 산정방법의 개발에 대한 필요성이 증대되면서 그 방법의 하나로 수치해석적인 접근법인 전산유체역학이 이용되고 있다. 또한 CFD해석은 실제 스케일로 모델링 및 시뮬레이션이 가능하고 시간도 단축할 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 실제 프로젝트에 대한 연구의 역사와 검증과정이 일천하여 이 해석법에 의한 신뢰도가 낮기 때문에 그 활용은 미미한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기존연구에서 제시된 프로토타입 모델의 풍동실험 결과와 CFD해석을 통한 해석 결과의 비교를 통해 CFD해석의 신뢰도를 입증하며, 더불어 난류강도가 신뢰도에 미치는 영향에 대해 제시하고자 한다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1999년도 하계학술대회 논문집 B
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• pp.603-605
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• 1999

In this paper, the aspects on modeling and control of an existing wind turbine are discussed. When designing control for variable-speed wind turbine, one deals with highly resonant, nonlinear dynamic systems subject to random excitation, i.e. wind turbulence. This requires good knowledge of the dynamics to be controlled. This paper describes an mathematical modeling of wind turbines with emphasis on control design for an existing wind turbine.