• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.151-155
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• 2012

We used nine microsatellite DNA markers to estimate genetic variation among wild and cultured populations of the sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi. The loci were polymorphic, with 6-32 alleles, and allelic richness ranged from 6.0 to 26.1 in each population. The wild and the cultured populations had similar mean heterozygosities ($H_O$ and $H_E$), allele numbers, and allelic richness. One cultured population with softness syndrome had a lower mean in the observed heterozygosity ($H_O$ = 0.57) and higher mean inbreeding coefficient ($F_{IS}$ = 0.261) than any other populations. This suggests that the loss of genetic variation in the diseased population might be due to increased inbreeding. A neighbor-joining tree and pairwise population estimates of $F_{ST}$ showed moderate genetic differentiation between the wild and the cultured populations. Additionally, the softness syndrome population was genetically divergent from wild populations, but it was genetically close to the cultured populations.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.44-48
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• 2009

Nucleotide sequences of about 500 bp from the 5' end of mitochondrial (mt) DNA Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) were analyzed to estimate the genetic variation between wild and cultured populations of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi from two sites along the coast of Korea. A total of 25 haplotypes were defined by 21 variable nucleotide sites in the examined COI region. Genetic diversity (haplotype diversity and nucleotide divergence) of wild populations was higher than that of the cultured population. These data suggest that reduced genetic variation in the cultured population may have results from bottleneck effect caused by the use of a limited number of parental stock and pooling of gametes for fertilization. Pairwise population $F_{ST}$ estimates inferred that wild and cultured populations were genetically distinct. The combined results suggest that sequence polymorphism in the COI region would be preferable for estimating the genetic diversity of ascidian populations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.470-476
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• 2002

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis based on numerous polymorphic bands have been used to investigate genetic similarity and diversity among and within two cultured and wild populations represented by the species crucian carp (Carassius carassius). From RAPD analysis using five primers, a total of 442 polymorphic bands were obtained in the two populations and 273 were found to be specific to a wild population. 169 polymorphic bands were also produced in wild and cultured population. According to RAPD-based estimates, the average number of polymorphic bands in the wild population was approximately 1.5 times as diverse as that in cultured. The average number of polymorphic bands in each population was found to be different and was higher in the wild than in the cultured population. Comparison of banding patterns in the cultured and wild populations revealed substantial differences supporting a previous assessment that the populations may have been subjected to a long period of geographical isolation from each other. The values in wild population altered from 0.21 to 0.51 as calculated by bandsharing analysis. Also, the average level of bandsharing values was $0.40{\pm}0.05 $ in the wild population, compared to $0.69{\pm}0.08$ in the cultured. With reference to bandsharing values and banding patterns, the wild population was considerably more diverse than the cultured. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of crucian carp could help in formulating more effective strategies for managing this aquacultural fish species and also in evaluating the potential genetic effects induced by hatchery operations.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.213-221
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• 2005

We used nine decamer primers to generate DNA fragment sizes ranging from 100 bp to 1,600 bp from two bullhead (Pseudobagrus fulvidraco) populations of Dangjin in Korea. 376 fragments were identified in the cultured bullhead population, and 454 in the population of wild bullhead from Dangjin: 287 specific fragments $(76.3\%)$ in the cultured bullhead population and 207 $(45.6\%)$ in the wild bullhead population. On average, a decamer primer was used to generate 34.2 amplified products in a cultured bullhead. A RAPD primer was used to generate an average of 3.1 amplified bands per sample, ranging between 2.5 and 6.0 fragments in this population. Nine primers also generated 24 polymorphic fragments (24/376 fragment, $6.4\%$) in the cultured bullhead population, and 24 (24/454 fragments, $5.2\%$) in the wild bullhead population. The OPA-16 primer, notably, produced which 11 out of 11 bands $(100\%)$ were monomorphic in the wild bullhead population. 110 intra-population-specific fragments, with an average of 12.2 per primer, were observed in the cultured bullhead population. 99 fragments, with an average of 11.0 per primer, were identified in the wild bullhead. Especially, 55 inter-population-common fragments, with an average of 6.1 per primer, were observed in the two bullhead populations. The bandsharing value (BS value) of individuals within the wild bullhead population was substantially higher than was determined in the cultured bullhead population. The average bandsharing value was $0.596\pm0.010$ within the cultured bullhead population,. and $0.657\pm0.010$ within the wild bullhead population. The dendrogram obtained with the nine primers indicates two genetic clusters, designated cluster $1\;(CULTURED\;01\~CULTURED\;11)$, and cluster $2\;(WILD\;12\~WILD\;22)$. Ultimately, the longest genetic distance displaying significant molecular differences was determined to exist between individuals in the two bullhead populations, namely between individuals WILD no. 19 of the wild bullhead population and CULTURED no. 03 of the cultured bullhead population (genetic distance = 0.714). RAPD-PCR allowed us to detect the existence of population discrimination and genetic variation in Korean population of bullhead. This finding indicates that this method constitutes a suitable tool for DNA comparison, both within and between individuals, populations, species, and genera.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2001.08a
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• pp.34-35
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• 2001

RAPD analysis based on numerous markers have been used to investigate patterns of genetic differentiation ann and within two cultured and wild populations represented by the species crucian carp(Carassius carassius). From RAPD analysis using five primers, a total of 442 polymorphic bands were obtained in two populations and 273 were found to be specific to a wild population. According to RAPD-based estimates, average number of polymorphic bands in wild population was approximately 1.5 times as diverse as that in cultured. The average level of bandsharing values was $0.40 \pm 0.05$ in wild population, but was $0.69 \pm 0.08$ in cultured population, With reference to bandsharing values and banding patterns, wild population was considerably more diverse than cultured population. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of crucian carp should help in formulating more effective strategies for managing this aquacultural fish species.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.135-141
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• 2014

Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) has a great potential value for aquaculture in Korea. The theoretical sex ratio of this flounder is close to 1:1 as it is in many other type of fish. However, according to the size selection during artificial seedling production, there is a possibility of unbalanced sex ratio. The actual flounder culturing needs female seedlings because of faster growth than male in economically. However, little is known about the sex ratio of cultured flounder. The six populations consisted of three wild populations and three cultured populations were analyzed for investigating the sex ratio. The sex ratio of wild populations ranged from 1.10 to 1.93 in female and 0.52 to 0.91 in male. And the sex ratio of cultured populations ranged from 0.20 to 2.15 in female and 0.46 to 4.88 in male. This result indicated that the sex ratio of cultured flounder varies depending on the size selection method.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.614-617
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• 2010

We sequenced a 522 bp fragment including the $tRNA^{Thr}$, $tRNA^{Pro}$ gene and the first half of the control region from 29 wild and cultured olive flounder specimens from Korea. Out of 522 nucleotide sites, 49 (9.4%) were variable, 23 haplotypes being found. Most haplotypes are unique in the wild population and only four were shared by cultured specimins. The nucleotide diversity and differences between wild and cultured populations were $0.025{\pm}0.013$ and $0.015{\pm}0.008$, and $12.94{\pm}6.00$ and $7.83{\pm}3.75$, respectively. Haplotype diversity was $0.98{\pm}0.02$ and $0.49{\pm}0.09$ in the wild and cultured populations, respectively. These results show that marked reductions of genetic variability in the hatchery strains were observed in the number of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes and haplotype diversity when compared to the wild populations. Furthermore, we detected significant population differentiation between both populations. The mtDNA sequencing technique used to evaluate the genetic variability of hatchery strains compared to that of the wild population is potential for genetic monitoring of olive flounder hatchery stocks.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.516-523
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• 2011

To compare four populations of sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi adults, their egg quality and larval development were investigated in the hatchery. The populations were: south sea wild (SSW), south sea cultured (SSC), east sea wild (ESW) and Iwate Japan cultured (IJC). Egg quality and larval development were compared using 13 factors (fertilization rate and diameter, proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid contents of eggs, hatching rate and various sizes of tadpole larvae) which were obtained from each population. Fertilized egg diameter, hatching rate and size of tadpole larvae were significantly different among the four populations (P<0.05). Eggs were produced with higher crude protein ($5.20{\pm}0.00%$ SSW, $4.71{\pm}0.01%$ ESW, $4.66{\pm}0.01%$ SSC and $3.96{\pm}0.01%$ IJC) and lipid ($1.22{\pm}0.01%$ ESW, $1.01{\pm}0.00%$ SSW, $0.77{\pm}0.01%$ SSC and $0.69{\pm}0.00%$ IJC,) contents from domestic wild populations than from Japanese or cultured populations. Also amino acid and fatty acid contents were different. The extent of similarity between domestic and Japanese populations (30.5% IJC:SSW, 34.3% IJC:SSC and 40.7% IJC:ESW) was relatively low but was very high between SSW and SSC (73.9%). These results may have been due to differences in the abundance of food types and environmental conditions in the four localities and consequent differences in the diets of the sea squirts.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.466-470
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• 2008

Microsatellite DNA markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai collected from six locations (Uljin, Ulsan, Daechon, Taean, Wando, and Yosu) where hatchery-produced abalone have been released intensively. There was no distinguishable difference in the observed and expected heterozygosities between the six populations and a cultured population. However, there was a difference in the number of alleles per locus: 12.8 for the cultured population and 13.8 to 15.8 for the six populations. The proportion of stocked abalone ranged from 41.1 to 92.7% for wild-caught populations with a decreasing tendency of alleles per locus for an increasing proportion of stocked abalone. A departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) assessed using the Markov chain procedure (P<0.05) was observed in the six populations and cultured population at loci Hdh145 and Hdh5l2. The pairwise Fst test (P<0.05) showed a significant difference between the Uljin and Ulsan populations and four remaining populations (Wando, Daechon, Yosu, and the cultured population), among which the Wando population differed less than the other three populations (Daechon, Yosu, and the cultured population).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 2000

Cultured juvenile black rockfish, Sebastes schiegeli as a seed for sen ranching project were compared with the similar size of wild fish. Wild fish were analyzed and compared with cultured fish in body indices, and moisture, crude protein, lipid, ash, many kinds of amino acids and various minerals in the whole-body of juvenile rockfish from three different populations. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in the moisture, crude lipid, and ash in the whole-body of fish among three different populations; the moisture content of wild fish was higher than that of both cultured fish. The lipid content in wild and tank cultured fish was lowest and highest, respectively; The lipid content of fish cultured in embanked system was intermediate values. The condition factor (CE), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and intraperitoneal fat (IPE) of fish cultured in tank system and embanked system were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of wild fish. But fish cultured in tank system produced similar intestinosomatic index (ISI) and muscle ratio (MR) values as the wild fish. There were significant differences in asparatic acid, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine of whole-body fish cultured by different methods; the wild fish was highest in these amino acids, followed by fish cultured in embanked system and then fish cultured in tank system. There were also significant differences in Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Zn of whole-body fish cultured by different methods: wild fish and fish cultured in tank system produced highest in Ca, P, Mg, Zn and lowest in Mn, respectively. There were significant differences in moisture, crude lipid, ash, many kinds of amino acids, several minerals, CE, HSI, UE, and ISI among the three juvenile populations; whole-body of wild fish showed higher in moisture, ash, asparatic acid, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, Iysine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, Ca, P, Mg, and Zn than fish cultured in embanked system, while they showed lower in the rest of the nutritious parameters studied.