• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.22-26
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• 2010

In this study, for the development of useful food materials, the proximate composition(total carbohydrates, crude fiber, crude protein, fat and ash) and biological activities(electron donating activity, total polyphenol contents, ACE inhibitory and ${\gamma}$-glucosidase inhibitory effects) were determined in the Garlmoe and the four wild Flammulina velutipes. As a results, the dry matter of mushrooms contained large amounts of carbohydrates, from 65.9 to 70.5 g/100g dry weight. the wild collected Flammulina velutipes proved to be an especially good source of crude fiber(7.9~18.1 g/100 g dry weight). Crude protein, fat, and ash contents of the mushrooms ranged 17.1~21.3, 4.1~5.2, and 5.7~8.4 g/100g dry weight, respectively. The electron donating activity ranged from 63.35 to 69.31% and total polyphenol contents ranged from 9.83 to 11.14 mg/g in these mushrooms. ACE inhibitions were high in Garlmoe and CBMFV-02 strain. ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition was the highest in CBMFV-01(46.56%) strain and lowest in Garlmoe(15.91%).

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 2010

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was conducted in order to generate DNA insertional mutants of Flammulina velutipes. Agrobacterium tumefaciens AGL-1 harboring pBGgHg was transformed into gill tissues of Flammulina velutipes strain KACC42777. The transformants resistant on hygromycine ($30\;{\mu}g/ml$) were confirmed by PCR. The targeted insertional sites were amplified by inverse PCR and sequenced. To find the phenotype variation of all generated transformants, bottle cultivation which followed by the standard cultivation protocol were conducted. Color variation was observed on the cultivated fruiting bodies. Furthermore, the transformant pool will be used as a good genetic resources for studying gene function.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.92-96
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• 2015

'Geumhyang', a new variety with short cultivation period and yellowish ivory color in Flammulina velutipes, was bred by crossing between monokaryons isolated from 'Garlmoe' and wild strain 'CBMFV-33'. In bottle cultivation, the period of mycelial growth, primordia1 formation, and growth of fruit body was required 23 days, 7 days, and 17 days, respectively. Total culvivation period was 47 days, showing 7 days shorter than that of 'Garlmoe'. Pileus diameter was greater than that of 'Garlmoe', and pileus color showed yellowish ivory. Fruit body production per 850 ml bottle was 160 g, which was 8% higher than that of 'Garlmoe'. The taste, derived from 'Garlmoe' and wild strain, was excellent because of better chewing feeling than white ones. 'Geumhyang' with differentiated color and taste, has an advantage to target a niche market of white ones.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.4 s.79
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• pp.237-245
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• 1996

Esterase isozyme band patterns were compared between the wild strain and commercial strain of Flammulina velutipes. Monospores were isolated from wild strain. ASI4019 and their mating types were determined. We investigated the relationship between pigmentation on the plate and fruitbody color to understand genetic relationship among F. velutipes strains. Dikaryotic strains mated between nonpigmenting strains produced white fruitbodies. However dikaryon obtained from mating between nonpigmenting monokaryon and brown pigmenting monokaryon produced brown fruitbody as the dikaryon obtained from mating of brown pigmenting monokaryons. The white fruitbody from wild strain was distinguished from that of commercial strain. When the nonpigmenting wild monokaryon was mated with commercial monokaryon, pale brown mushroom was produced. The BC1F1 was obtained by mating the above mentioned $F_1$ with commercial monokaryon. Fruitbody color of BC1F1 shared two types; one strain with all pale brown fruitbodies, and the other strain with separated eight pale brown and two mixed type involving pale brown and white fruitbodies.

• Mycobiology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.366-373
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• 2022

Regulation of proper gene expression is important for cellular and organismal survival, maintenance, and growth. Abnormal gene expression, even for a single critical gene, can thwart cellular integrity and normal physiology to cause diseases, aging, and death. Therefore, gene expression profiling serves as a powerful tool to understand the pathology of diseases and to cure them. In this study, the difference in gene expression in Flammulina velutipes was compared between the wild type (WT) mushroom and the mutant one with clogging phenomenon. Differentially expressed transcripts were screened to identify the candidate genes responsible for the mutant phenotype using the DNA microarray analysis. A total of 88 genes including 60 upregulated and 28 downregulated genes were validated using the real-time quantitative PCR analysis. In addition, proteomic differences between the WT and mutant mushroom were analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF). Interestingly, the genes identified by these genomic and proteomic analyses were involved in stress response, translation, and energy/sugar metabolism, including HSP70, elongation factor 2, and pyruvate kinase. Together, our data suggest that the aberrant expression of these genes attributes to the mutant clogging phenotype. We propose that these genes can be targeted to foster normal growth in F. velutipes.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.103-107
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• 2015

'Heukhyang', a new variety with dark brown color, short cultivaltion period, and good taste in Flammulina velutipes, was bred by crossing between monokaryons isolated from 'Garlmoe' and wild strain 'CBMFV-10'. In bottle cultivation, the period of mycelial growth, primordia1 formation, and growth of fruit body was required 23 days, 6 days, and 17 days, respectively. Total culvivation period was 46 days, showing 8 days shorter than that of 'Garlmoe'. Pileus diameter and thickness were greater than those of 'Garlmoe', and pileus color showed dark brown. Fruit body production per 850 ml bottle was 135 g, which was 10% lower than that of 'Garlmoe'. However, the overall acceptance was most excellent in sensory evaluation, and 'Heukhyang' has an advantage to target a niche market of white ones due to differentiated color and taste.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.6 no.3_4
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• pp.115-120
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• 2008

A new commercial strain 'Garlmoe' was developed by crossing monokaryons from selected wild strains. The optimal temperature of mycelial growth was $25^{\circ}C$ but it needed to adjust to $16{\sim}18^{\circ}C$ when incubated at the bottle cultivation. The optimal temperatures of fruiting body initiation and development were almost same to others like as $14^{\circ}C$ and $7{\sim}10^{\circ}C$, respectively. The color of 'Garlmoe' was typical to wild winter mushroom, that is, pileus was brown and lower part of stipe was dark brown. The surface on pileus of 'Garlmoe' was sticky 'Garlmoe' was a good commercial strain with high quality and high productivity characterized as quite even budding habit, straight and strong stipes and convex type pilei. The taste of this variety was very excellent because of better chewing feeling than white ones.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.217-222
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• 2015

This study was conducted to obtain a growth correlation of basal information from the development of disease resistant Flammulina velutipes cultivars through back-crossing between the strains of wild-type brown monokaryon 4019-20 and the derivative of commercial quality white monokaryons 3. The two strains were selected to back-cross for further enhancing their latent attributes and growth characteristics. The parents of 4019-$20{\times}M3$ back-crossed to reproduce $F_1$, M3-Sn. Using $F_1$, M3-Sn procured and isolated into 94 monokaryon strains. Further examination of growth characteristics carried out by back-crossing between M3 and $BC_1F_1$ from M3-n dikaryon. Monokaryon exhibited an irregular growth pattern and demonstrated to be sluggish development in the sawdust medium. However $BC_1F_1$(M3-n) dikaryon strains confirmed mostly regular growth pattern and demonstrated ordinary growth in the sawdust medium. The fruitbody of $BC_1F_1$ confirmed as light-brown colour to be the dominant gene. The colour distributions of fruitbody, $BC_1F_1$, resulted as follows; 7% of dark brown, 25% of brown, 27% of light brown, 16% of ivory and 25% of white. The ratio of the other color to white showed 3 to 1 which suggested two major genes were related to fruitbody color.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.115-126
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• 2004

Somatic hybrids of inter-compatible and inter-incompatible strains were obtained by protoplast fusion. The fusion products between compatible strains, Pleurotus ostreatus and P. florida, formed heterokaryons, while fusants between incompatible strains such as P. cornucopiae + P. florida, P. ostreatus + Ganoderma applanatum, P. florida + Ganoderma lucidum, and P. ostreatus + Flammulina velutipes formed synkaryons that retained genes from both parents. The heterokaryons showed the same level of basidioma development. In contrast, the synkaryons showed unique characteristics including clamp connection formation at mitosis, either partner basidioma development, and abnormal segregation and recombination compared with inter-compatible strains. Synkaryons can be classified into homokaryoyic and heterokaryotic type. A comparison of somatic hybrids with compatible and incompatible strains was made using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The heterokaryons between compatible species showed the same level of variability and contained both parental RAPD bands. In contrast, most of the synkaryons between incompatible species showed similarity to those of either parental bands and non-parental RAPD bands. Synkaryons can be classified into microgenome insertion type and macrogenome insertion type. A tetrapolar mating system was found among monospore isolates in somatic hybrids and wild type P. ostreatus. Homokaryons from each somatic hybrid combination were paired with tester homokaryons of the initial wild type of P. ostreatus. The changed mating types were identified in progenies. The pattern of mating type switching in somatic hybrids depends on compatibility of fusion partner. There are several factors related to the mechanism of clamp connection formation and fruiting body development of synkaryons. Of these,the major factor may be associated with self-fertility and mating type switching such as homokaryotic fruiting of wild type P. ostreatus. This review will discuss these aspects.