• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2008

For the last few years, the wholesale market system in Japan has been experiencing a lot of changes in the related sectors. The greatest changes in the environments surrounding the wholesale market were enlargement of the producers' cooperatives, increase of fisheries products marketed in the outside of the wholesale market system, and management aggravation of the related businessmen, These changes resulted in the revision of the wholesale Market Law in 1999 to cope with the social needs successfully. Recently, fisheries wholesale markets in Japan have a few problems like declining of earning power, weakening of management constitution, etc. Consequently, Japanese government presents policy for enforcing the competition power through reform laws related with fisheries wholesale markets. Also the fisheries wholesale markets have been trying variety and active countermeasures like undertaking, merger, coalition, etc. to overcome the crisis.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.137-146
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• 2020

In this study, the differences of institutional development processes of fishery products wholesale markets were compared between Korea and Japan in order to suggest improvement direction of trading system in Korea. The wholesale markets have shrunk while wholesale and distribution has been becoming larger in size in both countries. A summary of differences in the wholesale market trading systems between Korea and Japan is as follows: first, middle wholesalers play pivotal roles in wholesale transaction in Korea, and wholesale corporations take such roles in Japan. Second, most wholesale corporations take charge of listing in Korea whereas such corporations are in charge of buying in Japan. Third, Korea has high proportion of auction for transactions, in contrast to Japan with high proportion of relative transactions. Forth, Korea maintains more sales within the wholesale markers and has more small and medium customers than Japan. Finally, Korea investigates inside causes to find solutions for the decreased competitive power of the wholesale market, whereas Japan copes with the problem by searching for outside customers. To seek solutions for the decreased competitiveness of Korean fishery products wholesale markets, middle wholesalers' consignment should be limitedly allowed, and improvement direction of wholesale corporations should be investigated in the future study.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.567-576
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• 2020

One of the main challenges receiving much attention in the Rwandan agriculture and food industry in recent decades is the increases in maize prices. Indeed, a rise in maize prices causes higher living expenses for households because maize, which is a major staple food crop, constitutes a significant share of total food consumption among households in Rwanda. The aim of this study was to assess the extent of integration and how prices are transmitted between retail and wholesale markets of domestic maize in Rwanda. This study used monthly data of retail and wholesale prices of maize from January 1995 to December 2019. This empirical investigation was based on a linear cointegration approach and an asymmetric error correction model framework. Using the augmented dickey-fuller residual-based test and the Johansen Maximum Likelihood cointegration test, the results revealed that the retail and wholesale markets of maize are integrated. Hence, prices in these markets do not drift apart in the long run. The results of the Granger causality test revealed that there is a unidirectional causal relationship flowing from wholesale prices to retail prices, i.e., wholesale prices influence retail prices. Accordingly, the results from the asymmetric error correction model confirmed the presence of a positive asymmetric price transmission between wholesale and retail prices of maize in Rwanda. Thus, we suggest that policymakers take a critical look at the causes and factors that may influence asymmetry price transmission.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.15-23
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• 2002

The purpose of the study was to examine how shoppers perceive and are influenced by crowding in apparel retail environment. Because shopping occurs in a spatially defined environment within a relatively short time, both crowding and the consequences of experiencing it are very important to retailers and researchers. The study explores the consequences of retail crowding in terms of shoppers' perception of store image, shopping enjoyment, and repurchase intention across two retail types, department stores and wholesale markets. The result showed that if shoppers perceived lower level of crowding, they perceived more positive store image, and spent more time in department stores. However, interestingly, retail crowding didn't influence store image of wholesale markets. Rather, if shoppers perceived higher level of crowding in wholesale markets, they had higher level of shopping enjoyment and repurchase intention. This can be interpreted as shoppers consider the crowding of retail environment as a token of attractive shopping places in terms of better deals and good quality in case of wholesale markets.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.273-285
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• 2010

This paper analyzes retailers' purchasing patterns of fruits and vegetables and the problems with purchasing from agricultural product wholesale markets. While large-scale retailers purchase fruits and vegetables from various sources, medium and small-scale retailers and food service companies buy them mostly from agricultural product wholesale markets. The retailers point out the problems with purchasing from agricultural product wholesale markets as a lack of quality uniformity, not sufficient cooling storage facilities, not sufficient space for shipping area, high distribution cost, unnecessary price fluctuation, and etc. In order to enhance the linkage with retailers, agricultural product wholesale markets, first of all, have to adopt more flexible trading methods such as private treaty besides auctions which are exclusively legitimate trading methods in the market. Necessary are enlargement of jobbers' operating scale, securing shipping space for retailers, adoption of inspection service, introduction of methods to stabilize auction prices, saving of loading and unloading costs, implementation of marketing strategies.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.125-135
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the present state of e-business according to the establishment year and the sales approach of Dongdaemun clothing market and to present problems according to e-business activation of it and its developmental direction. The subjects for this study were selected out of Dongdaemun clothing markets being considered as more fashion-oriented markets and were divided into two categories both according to the establishment year and according to the sales approach. As a result, Dongdaemun clothing markets are mainly divided into traditional wholesale market, eastern wholesale & retail market, and western retail market and having dealings with each other according to the market's characteristics. The utility percentage of on-line e-business according to the establishment year and the sales approach showed that traditional wholesale market was 42%, eastern wholesale & retail market 0.75%, and western retail market 11%. This result indicated that the utility percentage of traditional wholesale market showed much higher than eastern wholesale & retail market and western retail market. This would be because the structural characteristics of clothing market delayed the utility of e-business. For the problems on the utility of on-line e-business through counselling, traditional wholesale market showed much higher than wholesale & retail market and retail market because it had little problems on design imitation in retail market due to export by order and mass production. The problems of low utility of on-line e-business in Dongdaemun clothing market would result from well-timed on-line update according to rapid goods cycle, constant satisfaction for additional order, standardization of size and quality, and inexpensive internet purchase despite of express expense.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.119-127
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• 2015

This study is to analyse the causality and volatility spillover between farming fish species in consumption replacement relation using flatfish(oliver flounder) and rockfish's wholesale market price data from September 2006 to July 2015. For the analysis, VAR(5) model and bivariate asymmetric GARCH-BEKK model are employed. The empirical results of this study are summarized as follows: First, the price volatility of flatfish and rockfish is very large without the trend during the sample period. Second, the correlation coefficient between flatfish and rockfish wholesale markets has positive 0.1059 value. Third, causality relation is unidirectional from rockfish market to flatfish market. Fourth, conditional volatility spillover effect is unidirectional from rockfish market to flatfish market, but asymmetric volatility effect is bidirectional between flatfish and rockfish markets that implies the bad news arising from flatfish wholesale market impact on rockfish market's volatility and the bad news arising from rockfish wholesale market impact on flatfish market's volaltilty. Consequently, based on the thus results, the volatility spillover effect interacts and is bidirectional between flatfish and rockfish wholesale markets.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.83-91
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• 2023

Purpose: Increasing their motivation and job satisfaction, employees in the distribution channel may be better able to interact with consumers and provide a more satisfying experience. Thus, increasing employee engagement in the supply chain necessitates a complex strategy considering the distinctive features of wholesale and retail markets. This study investigates how to boost employees' motivation in the supply chain based on the difference between wholesale and retail market. Research design, data, and methodology: The prior study analysis is a useful tool to take a look at relevant previous works via a significant screening and selecting strategy. The Key words based on the topic of the research have used, such as 'Employee Motivation', 'Supply Chain', 'Wholesale' and 'Retail' worker. Results: The findings of this research strongly indicates that motivating employees is essential for the efficient operation of supply chain activities as they continue to expand and become more complicated. The supply chain's two main segments are the wholesale and retail markets, each with distinct characteristics. Conclusions: This research focused exclusively on the factors that motivate supply chain workers, ignoring job satisfaction, corporate culture, and managerial style, which may affect employee motivation. These factors also have the potential to impact employee motivation and should be considered in subsequent research.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.175-186
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• 2021

Purpose - This study intended to identify the effects of varied institutional systems and policies that regulate or define operations of enterprises upon the profitability of private enterprises through case analysis. Design/methodology/approach - The systems and differences in the institution and commodity distribution in Korea and Japan, which define the operation of the "Garak Wholesale Market" and "Ota Wholesale Market". We were examined in the presentthis study, and the statistical data pertinent to the trade volume and profitability of wholesale market corporations that substantially run both markets, were analyzed. Findings - The competition among the corporations that run the "Garak Wholesale Market" substantially is limited due to regulations over the mode of transaction and monopoly of trust thereby significantly higher level of profitability and safety are guaranteed. However, the institutional autonomy that enabled each distributor in the "Ota Wholesale Market" to compete with each other freely caused the distributors therein face difficulties in securing stable profits due to the relatively poor level of profitability resulted from the autonomy. Research implications or Originality - It seems the autonomy in commercial transaction in the "Garak Wholesale Market" in Korea needs to be secured to promote the competition of distributors therein through an amelioration of institutional systems and amendment of relevant laws that prescribe current management of various distributors/operators in the market.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.150-158
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• 2010

There are lots of buildings with their deterioration in wholesale markets which have high concentration that can cause big fire due to difficulty of installing fire protection system in fire compartment, absence of safety awareness, access by many and unspecified people. There had been big fire that caused by these kind of fire weakness such as Seomun Market's in 2005 which costed tens of millions dollar, Dongmun Shopping District’s with 7 casualties. Now counter-measure against these fire is urgently needed. This study drew characteristic of current condition of wholesale markets and the one classified by main agent, fire cases and prevention of fire through statistical data. Also, current condition of fire prevention management and actual state were investigated by conducting a survey of person in charge of fire prevention and current practician. As a result, it was shown that securing professionalism of fire prevention, improvement of structural weakness of buildings, obtaining reliability on performance of fire protection system and internal fire education against practician in the market are needed.