• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.264-279
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• 2015

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of sourdough to various grain flours in bread, specifically, in regards to the physicochemical characteristics of bread dough, sensory evaluation, and bread storage. As the incubation time of sourdough increased, the total titratable acidity increased. Viable yeast counts of sourdough increased consistently until the third day, while lactic acid bacteria counts increased until the second day. The weight of breads containing sourdough made with rye flour, strong flour, and Korean wheat flour were higher than that of the control. However, the height, volume, and specific volume of control were higher than those of the groups with sourdough made with various grain flours. The pH of breads containing sourdough was lower than that of the control, while the total titratable acidity and moisture content were higher than those of the control. In analyzing the visible mold colony during the five days of storage at $30^{\circ}C$, mold growth in breads containing sourdough made of Korean wheat flour, barely flour, and rye flour was retarded. In the color measurement, the L values of the control and bread containing sourdough made with barley flour were higher than that of the other groups after five days. The a value of bread containing sourdough made of rye flour was higher, and the b values of breads containing sourdough made of Korean wheat flour, barley flour and rye flour were higher than those of the other groups after five days. The hardness of breads containing sourdough increased as storage time increased, where as breads containing sourdough made of Korean wheat flour, Korean whole wheat flour, and rye flour revealed no significant differences with control group. Sensory evaluation scores in terms of after swallowing, taste, and overall preference of bread containing sourdough made of Korean wheat flour was higher than those of the control group.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.4185-4192
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• 2015

Background: A protective effect of resistant starch (RS) containing foods on carcinogenesis has been shown from several lines of experimental evidence for gastrointestinal cancers. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between RS contained foods and breast cancer (BC) risk in a hospital-based, age- and origin-matched, case-control study. Materials and Methods: A validated, semi-quantitative, food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was completed by 306 women newly diagnosed with BC aged 25 to 65 years, and 309 healthy women as matched controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated using conditional logistic regression models. Results: Reduced BC risk was associated with the highest tertile of whole-wheat bread and boiled potato consumption with adjusted ORs at 0.34 (95%CI: 0.19-0.59) and 0.61 (95%CI: 0.37-0.99), respectively. Among consumers of whole-wheat bread, the protective role of cereals remained relatively apparent at higher intakes level of fiber rich breads at adjusted models (OR=0.53, 95%CI: 0.28-1.01). Moreover, high intake of legumes was found out to be a significant protective dietary factor against risk of BC development with an OR of 0.01 (95%CI: 0.03-0.13). However, consumption of white bread and biscuits was positively related to BC risk. Conclusions: Our results show that certain RS containing foods, in particular whole wheat bread, legumes and boiled potato may reduce BC risk, whereas higher intake of white bread and biscuits may be related to increased BC risk.

• 분석과학
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.161-168
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• 2022

Wheat is rich in sources of fiber, oligosaccharides, and resistant starch, simple carbohydrates which may have a protective role against carcinoma. Additionally, Whole wheat/bran as well includes contains phytochemicals such as flavonoids, lignans, folate, phytosterols, phenolic acids, and tocols. The above phytochemicals suitable forms antioxidant and cholesterol-reducing activities. Phytoestrogens are regarded as especially essential in the preventative measures of hormonally dependent malignancies such as breast cancer (BC). In this study lowered BC risk has been associated with whole grain/bran consumption with an odds ratio (OR=0.24 and 95 %CI=0.10-0.56). Wheat/bran appears to have a reliable protective impact against BC. While intake of white bread has been associated with a high risk of BC (OR=2.63 and CI 95 %=1.07-6.48). Also, the E-Selectin (SELE) Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs5353 A/G and rs932307 C/T were investigated using the sanger sequences approach. There was a positive association between genotypes (rs5353 GG+AG) and (rs932307 TT+CT) with rate consumption of wheat-white/bread and these genotypes were more frequent in patients had BC in comparison with a significant difference (P=0.03) (P=0.01), respectively. The genotypes (GG+AG) frequency of the rs5353 polymorphism and (TT+CT) genotypes of the rs932307 polymorphism in the present study had a high risk of cancer with (OR=3.05), (OR=4.17) respectively. While these genotypes showed no significant association with the rate of whole grain consumption in patients and control. Therefore, the type of wheat may associate with increased incidence of disease-related with type of Polymorphism because some present genotypes of SNPs showed high (OR) which may refer to their positive associated with disease, the white wheat consumption may active the risky association between SNPs and BC.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.137-146
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• 2013

전곡립(whole grain)인 녹색 밀의 이용 가치를 높이고, 가공식품산업으로의 적용 가능성을 알아내고자 녹색 밀을 제분하여 얻은 녹색 밀가루의 호화 특성을 조사하고, 녹색 밀가루의 첨가량을 달리한 베이커리 제품(식빵, 머핀, 쿠키)을 제조하여 색도와 조직감 측정, 내부 표면 관찰, 관능검사를 실시함으로써 녹색 밀가루의 제과제빵 적성과 품질특성을 평가하였다. 일반 밀가루에 녹색 밀가루의 첨가량을 달리한 전분의 호화 특성 분석 결과, 호화개시온도만 증가하는 경향을 보였고 최고점도, 최고점도에 이르는 시간, 최종점도, 최저점도, 구조파괴점도와 회복점도는 모두 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 녹색 밀가루의 첨가로 인하여 호화가 지연되어 전분사슬의 구조는 미흡해지나, 노화를 지연시키는 효과를 주는 것으로 보인다. 녹색 밀가루의 첨가로 베이커리 제품의 색도는 전반적으로 어둡고 녹색과 황색을 띄는 경향을 나타내었고, 내부 표면은 녹색 밀가루의 첨가가 증가할수록 기공의 수와 크기가 줄어 팽창 정도가 감소하였으나 식빵에 비하여 머핀과 쿠키는 상대적으로 그 정도가 크지 않았다. 조직감의 경우, 식빵과 머핀은 녹색 밀가루의 첨가량이 증가할수록 경도가 증가하였지만 쿠키는 경도가 감소하였다. 베이커리 제품의 관능평가에서 전반적인 선호도는 녹색 밀가루 30% 첨가 된 머핀과 20% 첨가된 쿠키가 가장 높은 값으로 나타났으나 식빵의 경우, 녹색 밀가루의 첨가가 증가할수록 전반적인 선호도가 낮게 나타났다. 녹색 밀가루를 첨가한 베이커리 제품은 외관적으로 녹색을 띄어 유색미로서의 상품성이 있음을 확인하였으며 녹색 밀가루를 10%내외로 첨가한 식빵 또는 20%내외로 첨가한 머핀과 쿠키의 경우, 느끼한 맛이 감소하고 고소한 맛을 주어 베이커리 제품의 기호성에 좋은 영향을 주는 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 전곡립인 녹색 밀의 영양학적 우수성을 베이커리제품을 비롯한 다양한 가공식품산업으로의 적용할 가능성이 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.262-270
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• 2014

This study was conducted in order to investigate the properties of bread making and quality improvement when wheat flour is replaced with whole waxy sorghum flour. Sorghum flour, which was prepared with two types of milling methods of pin mill and ultra fine pulverization, was used at different levels ranging from 10, 20 and 30%, respectively. The pasting properties of peak viscosity, setback viscosity and pasting temperature of the composite flour containing pin-milled sorghum flour were higher than those of ultra fine pulverized sorghum flour. The volumes of sorghum bread were lower than that of wheat bread; moreover, they gradually decreased with increasing amounts of sorghum flour, which has inferior dough properties and therefore collapses in the oven. The use of vital gluten (12% based on sorghum flour weight) and emulsifier (SSL; sodium stearoyl lactylate) increased the extensibility and resistance to the extension of the dough, thereby improving its rheological properties. Thus, the oven spring of bread containing sorghum was improved, demonstrating as loaf volume increase up to 15%. However, in the case of breads containing 30% sorghum flour, the loaf volumes were still unacceptably low. Therefore, the formula and the bread making process were further modified as follows: An increase of vital gluten ($12%{\rightarrow}18%$) and shortening ($3%{\rightarrow}6%$), a decrease of mixing time and dough fermentation temperature, and the addition of sorghum flour after gluten development during mixing. The above modifications resulted in the improvement of sorghum bread quality. Therefore, we suggest that pin-milled sorghum flour is more appropriate than ultra fine pulverized sorghum flour for making bread.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권10호
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• pp.1467-1475
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• 2016

부드럽고 노화를 지연하는 빵을 제조하기 위해 호화밀가루반죽을 다양한 농도로 첨가하여 제빵 하면서 제빵특성 및 저장성을 분석하였다. 호화밀가루반죽을 첨가하여 반죽특성을 분석하였을 때 견도는 호화밀가루반죽 함량이 증가할수록 높은 경향을 나타내었으며, 반죽형성시간은 호화밀가루반죽의 양이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었고, 반죽의 안정도는 호화밀가루반죽의 양이 증가할수록 짧아지는 경향을 나타내어 호화밀가루반죽의 양이 증가할수록 gluten 형성 능력은 약화되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 가장 발효 팽창력이 높은 것은 10% 호화밀가루반죽을 이용하여 반죽하였을 경우였으며 호화밀가루반죽 첨가량이 많을수록 낮은 발효 팽창력을 나타내었다. 식빵의 부피는 대조구가 가장 큰 것을 알 수 있었고 10%와 20%의 호화밀가루반죽을 첨가하여 제조한 식빵의 부피는 통계적으로 유의차가 없었으며, 30% 호화밀가루반죽을 첨가하여 제조한 식빵의 부피는 가장 작은 것을 알 수 있었다. 호화밀가루전분 함량을 달리하여 제조한 식빵의 수분 함량은 제조 당일에는 호화밀가루반죽을 이용하여 제조한 식빵보다 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 저장기간 중 수분 함량의 변화는 호화밀가루반죽을 첨가하여 제조한 식빵은 호화밀가루반죽 첨가량이 많을수록 수분 함량은 더 높아지는 경향을 나타내었으며, 저장기간 동안 수분 함량의 감소율은 낮았다. 색도는 각 저장기간에 따라 통계적 유의차가 없음을 알 수 있었다. 제빵 직후 씹힘성, 깨짐성과 경도는 대조구와 10% 호화밀가루반죽을 첨가하여 제조한 빵이 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 저장기간 동안 씹힘성, 깨짐성과 경도는 저장기간에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 2일 저장 시까지는 10% 호화밀가루반죽을 첨가하여 제조한 빵의 증가폭이 가장 적었다. 관능특성 강도 평가 결과 호화밀가루반죽을 이용하여 제빵 하였을 때 쫄깃한 조직감이 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 소비자 기호도 조사결과 호화밀가루반죽을 첨가하여 제조한 식빵이 조직감 및 전반적인 기호도가 더 높게 평가되었으며 전반적인 기호도에서 10% 호화밀가루반죽을 첨가하여 제조한 빵을 가장 선호하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 너무 많은 호화밀가루반죽의 첨가는 제빵 적성을 향상시키는 데 큰 영향을 미치지는 못했지만 10% 호화밀가루반죽의 첨가는 좋은 물성과 기호성을 나타내며 노화속도를 줄이는 데 영향을 줄 수 있는 제빵 방법임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.321-321
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• 2022

Wheat was brought to solve food scarcity with aid from the United States caused by the Korean War. The Korean government launched a campaign to encourage mixed rice and wheat meals due to shortage of rice production in the 1960s, Wheat consumption began in earnest. However, it is difficult to rebuild the domestic wheat production base devastated by the Korean War with the technology at the time. Thus, wheat was mainly consumed from imported in the past. Since then, as wheat consumption has increased due to westernization and diversification of dietary life, wheat became the second staple grain in Korea. In this situation, the government enacted the Wheat Industry Promotion Act to create a basis for sustainable production and consumption of wheat in Korea. This study sought to improve the self-sufficiency of domestic wheat by examining the possibility of using "Ariheuk", a variety of new Korean wheat, as a rice supplement in the same context as the govemment's policy. Wheat has been used as a raw material for the processed food, such as noodles and bread. However, we approached it by using whole wheat as a nutritional grain. Participants were recruited from the agri-food consumer panel conducted by Rural Development Administration. We set a final sample of 525 consumer panels based on the age of census household heads. The experiment was conducted in such a way that participants cooked and ate 100% rice meal and rice containing 20% whole wheat meal. Participants completed the sensory evaluation questionnaire with online. For this experiment, all participants were given same whole wheat product. The sensory evaluation questionnaire consisted of color, glossiness, stickiness, aroma, chewing, sweetness, nuttiness, chewiness, softness, bursting, flavor, texture and swallowability. The sensory evaluation results were analyzed by giving -3 points to +3 points. The former points were given to the response that 100% rice meal is very superior to the response that rice containing 20% whole wheat meal. The latter points were given vice versa. Zero point was given to the response that they are similar each other. As a result, rice with 20% whole wheat meal was better than 100% rice meal in terms of color, aroma, chewiness, bursting and flavor. In case of sweetness and glossiness, there didn't exist significantly different. On the other hands, 100% rice meal was better in terms of softness and swallowability. As a result of ANOVA by age groups, from 30s or younger to 60s or more, there was significant difference among the groups in terms of color, chewiness and bursting. As a result of post-hoc analysis with Duncan's multiple range test (p < 0.05), 50s were evaluated to be significantly superior in color, chewiness and bursting compared to other age groups. In conclusion, it is appropriate to use whole wheat as a supplement to rice in order to improve the self-sufficiency of domestic wheat. As a strategy to promote domestic wheat consumption, in case of Ariheuk, it is necessary to provide an experience through whole wheat tasting and to establish a marketing strategy segmented by age groups.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.239-246
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• 1995

This study was prepared to optimize $\alpha$-azuki bean powder content by sensory evaluation method when manufacturing bread with added $\alpha$-azuki bean powder. These sensory characteristics were designed to investigate sensory evaluation about appearance, color, texture, taste and overall acceptability of small red bean bread by balanced incomplete block design. According to evaluated mean of adjusted treatments, appearance was represented high value in bread with added 3% and 6% $\alpha$-azuki bean powder than bread without $\alpha$-azuki bean powder. Bread without $\alpha$-azuki bean powder was revealed maximum sensory score value of color among whole treatments and vread with added 6% $\alpha$-azuki bean powder was revealed second highest sensory value. As $\alpha$-azuki bean powder content increased, sensory score of texture, taste and overall acceptability increased. and bread added 12% $\alpha$-azuki bean powder revealed maximum sensory score. On the results of this research about sensory characteristics for manufacturing bread with added $\alpha$-azuki bean powder, bread with added $\alpha$-azuki bean powder was considered optimum when12% $\alpha$-azuki bean powder was added wheat flour because of highest score of texture, taste and overall acceptability in spite of lower score of appearance and color.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.687-693
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• 2008

국내산 시판 밀가루의 품질 평가를 통하여 국내산 밀의 품질 향상 방향과 향후 개선 방향의 기초 자료로 이용하고자 수입산 밀가루와 비교 평가하였다. 시판되는 국내산 밀가루는 통밀 밀가루 백밀 밀가루의 두 가지 형태로 판매되고 있으며, 통밀 밀가루는 백밀 밀가루에 비해 회분함량과 단백질함량이 높고, 밀가루 색이 어두었으며, 반죽시 높은 가수량을 보였다. 국내산 밀가루의 단백질 함량은 수입산 강력분 정도로 높았지만 침전가와 반죽시간은 중력분과 비슷하였다. 국내산밀로 만든 시판용 밀가루의 아밀로스 함량은 수입산과 큰 차이는 었지만 전분의 호화 최고 점도와 breakdown이 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 국내산 밀가루의 가공적성 평가 결과 백밀 밀가루의 국수 면대는 통밀 밀가루로 만든 면대보다 두께가 얇고, 면대색이 밝았지만 수입산 시판 밀가루보다는 면대색이 어두웠다. 삶은 국수의 경도를 측정한 결과 국내산 시판 밀가루는 수입산 중력분 밀가루와 비슷하였고 제방 적성은 강력분에 비해 빵 용적이 적고, crumb도 어둡고, crumb의 경도도 높아서 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2007

Low glycemic index (GI) foods have been reported to be very important in the control of blood glucose levels in diseases such as diabetes mellitus and obesity, which are becoming more prevalent in Korea. Bread consumption at breakfast and as a snack is also on the rise. To provide low GI alternatives, breads supplemented with dietary fibers-fructooligosaccharide (FOS), ground whole rye, and 2 types of resistance starch (RS2 and RS4)-were developed. The GIs for these breads were evaluated with 13 healthy college students (M6, F7) and sensory tests were done. Four kinds of breads were made through the modification of a basic recipe for white bread (the control, B) as follows: for Bf, the entire amount of sugar was replaced with FOS. For Ryef, 50% of the white wheat flower was replaced with roughly ground wholerye (20 mesh: 12-20 mesh = 1 : 3) in addition to replacing sugar with FOS. For RS2f and RS4f, 20% of the white wheat flower was replaced with RS2 or RS4, in addition to replacing sugar with FOS. The overall preference score of Bf was similar to that of B, while those of Ryef, RS2f and RS4f were lower than that of B, but showed the acceptable degree of the overall preference. The glycemic indices of Ryef and RS2f were 46.1 and 45.9 respectively, which were significantly lower than the GI of B, 67.8. The GIs of Bf and RS4f were, however, 66.7 and 80.5 respectively, showing no significant difference compared to B. The glycemic loads for a 30 g serving were 9.5, 5.9, 6.2, 11.0 and 9.0 for B, Bf, Ryef, RS2f and RS4f, respectively. In conclusion, addition of RS2 or roughly ground whole rye to the dough formula significantly lowered the GI. Since the preferences shown for those two breads were acceptable, they may be recommended as a substitute for white bread fir persons who need blood glucose management. More studies on the bread making process are required to improve preference and acceptance. Although GI lowering effects for F and RS4 were not found in this study, further studies are needed to verify their effects.