• Toxicological Research
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.465-474
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• 1998

This study was examined on the effect of ex-vivo immunotherapy in 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis. Sprague-Dawley female 40 rats were divided into Jour groups. As a positive control, Group I was intubated with DMBA, 5 mg /100 g body weight and single dose, at experimental onset. Group II was treated ex-vivo immunotherapy with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I : C) and Group III was treated with Interleukin-2 (IL-2). Group IV was negative control. All rats were sacrificed at 16 weeks after DMBA intubation. Mammary gland wet weight, dry fat free tissue weight, incidence of tumor, and the number of lobules, alveolar buds, terminal end buds, and terminal ducts were examined. Morphological changes of the mammary gland after treated with DMBA were analyzed by whole mount and histopathological method. As results, the induced mammary tumors of Group I, II and III were 60%, 33% and 0%, respectively. Histopathological types of induced-mammary tumors were adenoma, adenocarcinoma and carcinosarcoma. In analysis of the whole mount method, the number of the terminal end buds, terminal ducts and lobules were significantly lower in Group II (p<0.01) and III (p<0.01) than DMBA alone treated Group I. In microscopic observation, hyperplastic alveolar nodules were significantly lower in Group III than Group I (p<0.01). In conclusion, IL-2 had strong inhibitory effect on the mammary gland tumorigenesis induced by DMBA in rats. Whole mount method may be a useful technique to assess the mammary carcinogenesis. Moreover, hyperplastic alveolar nodules were very sensitive parameter to assess the mammary carcinogenesis.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.69-73
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• 2011

High-voltage electron microscope (HVEM) has higher resolution and penetration power than conventional transmission electron microscope that could be load thick specimen. Some researchers have taken this advantage of HVEM to explore 3-dimensional configuration of the biological structures including tissue and cells. Whole mount preparations has been employed to study some cell lines and primary culture cells. In this study, we would like to introduce useful whole mount preparation method for neuronal studies. The plastic coverslips were punched, covered by formvar membrane and coated with carbon. The neurons obtained embryonic 18 rat hippocampus were seeded on the prepared cover slip. The coverslips were fixed, dried in freeze drier and kept in a descicator until HVEM observation. We could observe detailed neuronal structures such as soma, dendrite and spine under HVEM without conventional thin section and heavy metal stain. The anaglyphic image based on stereo paired image ($-8^{\circ},+8^{\circ}$) provides three dimensional perception of the neuronal dendrites and their spines. This method could be applied to sophisticated analysis of dendritic spine under the various experimental conditions.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.275-284
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• 2000

The organ culture model of the whole mammary gland has many advantages for the study of branching morphogenesis and biological characteristics, including tumorigenesis. Prior to whole gland organ culture, rats were treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) or N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) for one week. The tramdorming effect and the morphological changes were assessed by the whole mount preparations and histopathological examination in terminal end buds (TEB), terminal ducts (TD), alveolar buds (AB), alveolar lobules (AL) and hyperplastic alveolar nodules (HAN) of the mammary gland. Grossfindings of the mammary glands at dissection were higher branching morphogenesis and larger volume in carcinogen-treated groups than in carcinogen-non-treated groups. Results of the whole mount method were coincided with those of the histopathological observations. Circular TEB, normally maintained AB, AL, and high cellular density were more frequently observed in carcinogen-treated groups than in carcinogen-nan-treated groups. Histopathologically, as a preneoplastic marker, HAN was maintained only in mammary organ culture of the carcinogen-treated groups. These findings suggest that in vivo trans-formation effects by carcinogens persisted during the mammary organ culture. These results were more characteristic in DMBA than in MNU-treated group. Ducts and terminal ducts appeared to have lost morphology during their growths in case of without diethylstilbestrol (DES). The fact that in vitro organ culture without DES was resulted in abnormal ductular morphogenesis confirms that DES is a physiological regulator of ductular epithelial cell growth.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.435-442
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• 2023

These days, the size of a reflective telescope has been increasing for astronomical observation. An additional optical system usually assists a large ground telescope for image analysis or the compensation of air turbulence. To guide collimated light to the external optical system through a designated path, a coudé mirror is usually adopted. Including a collimator, a coudé mirror of a ground telescope is affected by gravity, depending on the telescope's pointing direction. The mirror surface is deformed by the weight of the mirror itself and its mount, which deteriorates the optical performance. In this research, we propose an optimization method for the coudé mirror assembly for a 1-m class ground telescope that minimizes the gravitational surface error (SFE). Here the mirror support positions and the sizes of the mount structure are optimized using finite element analysis and the response surface optimization method in both the horizontal and vertical directions, considering the telescope's altitude angle. Throughout the whole design process, the coefficients of the Zernike polynomials are calculated and their amplitude changes are monitored to determine the optimal design parameters. At the same time, the design budgets for the thermal SFE and the mass and size of the mount are reflected in the study.

• 광물과 암석
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.431-445
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• 2022

점토질 암석의 광물함량을 효과적이고 실용적으로 분석하는 방법을 X-선 분말회절분석 실험을 통하여 연구하였다. 점토질 암석의 X-선 분말회절 정량분석을 위해서는 측면마운팅(side mounting) 방법에 의한 무작위 배향(random orientation)의 전암(whole-rock) 분말시료의 준비가 필요하다. 또한, 암석을 구성하고 있는 점토광물의 감정을 위하여 2 ㎛ 이하 점토입도의 배향성 마운트(oriented mount)시편의 준비와 에틸렌글리콜 처리, 열처리 등의 실험과정이 요구된다. 정량분석을 위하여 RIR(reference intensity ratio)방법과 리트벨트(Rietveld) 회절도 계산 방법을 사용하였다. RIR값을 사용하여 전암 X-선 회절도로부터 총 점토 함량과 비점토광물(non-clay minerals)들의 함량을 얻을 수가 있었다. 또한, 점토입도의 배향성 X-선 회절도로부터는 각각 점토광물의 상대함량을 계산하여 이를 총 점토광물에 할당할 수가 있었다. 전암 X-선 회절의 리트벨트 방법에서는 10°(2θ) 미만의 X-선 회절 영역은 제외한 후에 리트벨트 회절도를 계산하였을 때 효과적인 정량분석 값을 얻을 수 있었다. 분석결과는 RIR방법과 리트벨트 방법이 서로 근사한 정량분석 값을 보여주었다. 따라서, 연구결과는 실험실에서의 일상적인 점토질암의 광물정량분석을 성공적으로 수행하는 것이 가능함을 지시한다. 그러나, 점토광물은 화학적 및 구조적 특정이 다른 수많은 변종이 존재하기 때문에 점토질암의 정량분석은 아직도 도전해야 하는 과제이다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.265-274
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• 2011

This paper presents current state of the prediction simulator of structural characteristics of machinery equipment accuracy. Developed accuracy prediction simulator proceeds and estimates the structural analysis between the designer and simulator through the internet for convenience of designer. 3D CAD model which is input to the accuracy prediction simulator would simplified by the process of removing the small hole, fillet and chamfer. And the structural surface joints would be presented as the spring elements and damping elements for the structural analysis. The structural analysis of machinery equipment joints, containing rotary motion unit, linear motion unit, mounting device and bolted joint, are presented using Finite Element Method and their experiment. Finally, a general method is presented to tune the static stiffness at a rotation joint considering the whole machinery equipment system by interactive use of Finite Element Method and static load experiment.

• International Journal of Quality Innovation
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-23
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• 2009

Face the process yield rate improvements of motherboard, although general enterprises finish deployment goal of each functions by overall quality managements, through quality improvement methods, industry engineering methods, plan-do-check-act (PDCA) methods and other improvement solutions, but it is only can be improved partially and unable to enhance the yield rate of product to the target. It only can takes one step ahead to enhance the process yield rate of motherboard with six sigma ($6{\sigma}$) overall DMAIC process and tactics. This research aimed to use six sigma quality improvement tactics by DMAIC systematic procedure and tactics, and find the key factors that effect to the process yield rate of surface mount technology. It also identified the keys input and process and output index to satisfy customer requirements and internal process index. The results showed that the major effective factors by fishbone and process failure modes and effects analysis (PFMEA). If the index of input and output that can be quantified, the optimum parameter can be found through design of experiment to ensure that the process is stable. If the factor of input and output that cannot be quantified, we found out the effective countermeasure by Mind_Mapping, make sure whole processes can be controlled stably, to reach the high product quality and enhance the customer satisfaction.

• BMB Reports
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.656-661
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• 2007

In this report, we describe an optimized method for generation of ephA8 BAC transgenic mice expressing the lacZ reporter gene under ephA8 regulatory sequences. First, we constructed a targeting vector that carries a 1.2 kb ephA8 DNA upstream of its first exon, a lacZ expression cassette, a kanamycin cassette, and a 0.7 kb ephA8 DNA downstream of its first exon. Second, the targeting vector was electroporated into cells containing the ephA8 BAC and pKOBEGA, in which recombinases induce a homologous recombination between the ephA8 BAC DNA and the targeting vector. Third, the FLP plasmid expressing the Flipase was electroporated into these bacteria to eliminate a kanamycin cassette from the recombinant BAC DNA. The appropriate structures of the modified ephA8 BAC DNA were confirmed by Southern analysis. Finally, BAC transgenic mouse embryos were generated by pronuclear injection of the recombinant BAC DNA. Whole mount X-gal staining revealed that the lacZ reporter expression is restricted to the anterior region of the developing midbrain in each transgenic embryo. These results indicate that the ephA8 BAC DNA contains most, if not all, regulatory sequences to direct temporal and spatial expression of the lacZ gene in vivo.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.321-328
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• 2012

We have designed a 30 cm cryogenic space infrared telescope for astronomical observation. The telescope is designed to observe in the wavelength range of 0.5~2.1 ${\mu}m$, when it is cooled down to 77 K. The result of the preliminary design of the support structure and support method of the mirror of a 30 cm cryogenic space infrared telescope is shown in this paper. As a Cassegrain prescription, the optical system of a 30 cm cryogenic space infrared telescope has a focal ratio of f/3.1 with a 300 mm primary mirror (M-1) and 113 mm secondary mirror (M-2). The material of the whole structure including mirrors is aluminum alloy (Al6061-T6). Flexures that can withstand random vibration were designed, and it was validated through opto-mechanical analysis that both primary and secondary mirrors, which are assembled in the support structure, meet the requirement of root mean square wavefront error < ${\lambda}/8$ for all gravity direction. Additionally, when the M-1 and flexures are assembled by bolts, the effect of thermal stress occurring from a stainless steel bolt when cooled and bolt torque on the M-1 was analyzed.

• 중소기업융합학회논문지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2012

안드로이드 플랫폼은 리눅스 2.6 커널을 기반으로 강력한 운영체제와 포괄적 라이브러리, 멀티미디어 환경, 사용자 인터페이스, 폰 애플리케이션 등을 제공한다. 안드로이드는 개방형 운영체제이기 때문에, 어느 벤더기기에든 탑재가 가능하다. 현재 스마트폰뿐만 아니라 넷북, 네비게이션, 카 PC, 태블릿 PC, 산업용 PC 등 여러 분야에서 사용되고 있다. 안드로이드를 다른 기기에 탑재하거나 안드로이드 플랫폼에 새로운 디바이스를 탑재하려면 많은 어려움이 따른다. 본 논문에서는 하드웨어 장치에서 발생한 데이터가 최상위 애플리케이션까지 전달되는 과정과 안드로이드 플랫폼이 하드웨어 디바이스를 관리하는 체계를 분석하고, WiFi 디바이스를 탑재하는 절차를 안드로이드 및 드라이버 컴파일 환경구축, 커널에서 WiFi 사용을 위한 프로토콜 지원, WiFi 디바이스를 커널에 탑재, 안드로이드 플랫폼에 디바이스 드라이버 등록, WiFi 관리서비스 데몬(wpa_supplicant)과 IP 할당서비스 데몬(dhcpcd) 등록, 데몬(wpa_supplicant)과 HAL의 통신을 위한 소켓 생성으로 제시하고 있다. 실험에서는 본 논문에서 제시한 방법을 이용하여 ARM 계열과 X-86 계열의 안드로이드 플랫폼에 WiFi 디바이스를 탑재했다. 안드로이드 플랫폼에 디바이스 탑재 시에는 안드로이드의 소프트웨어 계층을 이해하는 것이 매우 중요하며, 이러한 경험은 안드로이드 플랫폼에 새로운 디바이스를 탑재할 때에도 많은 도움이 될 것이다.