• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.89-94
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• 1994

The authors have already shown that 6 year old red ginseng extract or its powder has remarkable anticarcinogenic effects. In this study, we further investigated whether fresh ginseng or white ginseng has similar anticarcinogenic effects and also if their anticarcinogenic effects are related to the types and ages of ginseng using Yun's anticarcinogenicity test (9 week medium term bioassay model). Dried fresh ginseng and red ginseng at 1.5, 3, 4, 5 and 6 years, and while ginseng at 3, 4, 5 and 6 years were used. The following results were obtained: 1) In the dried fresh ginseng treated groups, the incidence of lung adenoma induced by benzo(a)pyrene was 41.39) and its incidence was reduced to 31.2%, 30.0%, 31.3%, 30.7% and 27.8% after co-treatment with 1.5, 3, 4, 5 and 6 year-dried fresh ginseng, respectively. A significant effect was observed only in 6 Year-dried fresh ginseng. 2) In the white ginseng treated groups, the incidence of lung adenoma induced by benzo(a)pyrene was 45.0% and its incidence decreased to 41.3%, 38.0%, 31.6%, and 25.3% after co-treatment with 3, 4, 5 and 6 year-white ginseng, respectively. Five and 6 year-ginsengs showed significant inhibition of lung adenoma. 3) In the red ginseng treated groups, the incidence of lung adenoma induced by benzo(a) pyrene was 48.6% and its incidence diminished to 37.9%, 41.7%, 31.7%, 28.3% and 25.5% after co-treat-melt with 1.5, 3, 4, 5 and 6 year-red ginseng, respectively. In 4, 5 and 6 year-ginsengs, the anticarcinogenic effect was prominent. From the above results, we concluded that a significant anticarcinogenic effect was observed in 6 year-dried fresh ginseng, 5 and 6 year-white ginsengs, and 4, 5 and 6 year-red ginsengs.

• 생약학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.315-319
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• 2014

This study compared the contents of ginseng prosapogenin depending on the extracting conditions of Skin White ginseng(Panax ginseng) to provide basic information for developing Skin White ginseng-based functional foods. Our findings show that the content of crude saponin peaked at 4 hours of extraction(SWG-4) and when extracted at $100^{\circ}C$. However, the content of total saponin reached its height at 8 hours of extraction at $100^{\circ}C$(SWG-8). On the other hand, the content of prosapogenin reached their heights at 60 hours of extraction(SWG-60), followed by 60 hours of extraction at $100^{\circ}C$. And at $100^{\circ}C$ the main prosapogenin of the content of Red and Black ginseng ginsenoside $Rg_3$, $Rg_5$ and $Rk_1$ reached their heights at 60 hours of extraction(SWG-60), followed by 60 hours of extraction.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.219-223
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• 1993

Assessment of root weight grade system for the numeral definition in Korea ginseng was tried by investigation of 13 boxes of the 15-root-grade of 4-year-old white ginseng as a model. In this case satisfaction to theoretical value was 58% in root weight and 50% in root number. The coefficient of variation (CV) was high (35%) for individual root weight in package. The CV of tap root weight 1 among package is low (7.1%) even though there was no significant correlation between tap root weight : and lateral root weight among roots. The mean percentage of tap root to root weight in each package ranged 61 to 74% with CV range of 16.5 to 33.2%. The CV was not much different between 1st and 2nd lateral root weight and the means was above 60%. Strict practice of numeral definition of root weight grade system will be prerequisite for chemical standardization of Korea ginseng.

• 생약학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.170-174
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• 1989

Crude saponin and ginsenosides in commercial white ginsengs such as six kinds of whole ginsengs, five kinds of tail roots and one undergrade raw ginseng were analyzed. The contents of crude saponin and ginsenosides in whole ginsengs were found to be 2.7 to 4.6% and 1.0 to 1.7%, respectively. On the other hand, those of tail roots were 3.3 to 7.2% and 1.3 to 4.4%, respectively. The content ratio of PD to PT saponin in whole ginsengs showed a little variation as 0.73 to 0.92, while those of tail roots showed a greater variation in the range of 0.72 to 1.75, indicating that tail roots contain higher content of PD saponin than whole ginsengs did.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.323-335
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• 1983

홍삼(紅蔘)과 백삼(白蔘) 항산화작용(抗酸化作用)에 의한 노화억제작용(老化抑制作用)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 80% ethanol extract 및 수포화(水飽和)부탄올로 이행(移行)한 saponin을 시료(試料)로 하여 in vitro 및 in vivo 실험(實驗)을 통하여 홍삼(紅蔘)과 백삼(白蔘)의 노화억제작용(老化抑制作用)을 비교(比較)하였다. DPPH에 대한 전자공여능(電子供與能)(EDA), TBA value 및 peroxide value에 의한 과산화지질생성억제작용(過酸化脂質生成抑制作用), superoxide dismutase 및 peroxidase의 활성측정(活性測定)등으로 홍삼(紅蔘)과 백삼(白蔘)의 노화억제작용(老化抑制作用)을 비교(比較)한 결과(結果), 홍삼(紅蔘)은 장기간(長期間)에 걸친 연속투여(連續投與)에서 백삼(白蔘)보다 과산화지질생성억제작용(過酸化脂質生成抑制作用). superoxide dismutase 및 peroxidase의 활성(活性)을 유의성(有意性)있게 증가(增加)하였다. 생체내실험(生體內實驗)에서 홍삼(紅蔘)이 백삼(白蔘)보다 노화억제작용(老化抑制作用)이 현저한 것은 증삼(蒸參) 및 가공처리중(加工處理中) saponin pattern의 변화(變化)에 기인(起因)하며 백삼(白蔘)의 PT/PD ratio가 0.401인데 반(反)해 홍삼(紅蔘)의 PT/PD ratio가 0.561로서 triol saponin이 증가(增加)되었기 때문이다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.138-143
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• 2015

This study was carried out to evaluate the preventive effect of three forms of Korean ginseng roots (fresh, white and red) against bisphenol A (BPA) toxicity in mouse male germ cells (GC-2spd, TM3, TM4). ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation were measured by DCF-DA (2',7'-dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate) assay. Also, semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to quantify the mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-related genes, Bax (pro-apoptotic gene) and Bcl2 (anti-apoptotic gene). ROS generation was increased by $50{\mu}M$ BPA, but definitely decreased by treatment with Korean ginseng extracts (fresh, white and red) in mouse male germ cells. In especial, Korean fresh ginseng extract reduced significantly ROS production to normal control. In addition, Korean fresh and white ginseng extracts suppressed the apoptosis of mouse male germ cells by fine-tuning mRNA levels of apoptotic genes changed by BPA. In general, Korean fresh ginseng extract was more effective than white ginseng extract for reducing BPA-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in mouse male germ cells. Therefore, Korean fresh and white ginseng may help to alleviate biphenol A toxicity in mouse male germ cells.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.418-429
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 백삼 및 홍삼 추출물과 그 효소 가수 분해물을 제조하고 이를 첨가하여 제조된 양갱의 항산화 활성 및 품질 특성을 조사하였다. 백삼과 홍삼 추출물의 효소 가수분해를 위해서는 Rapidase C80 max, Pyr-flo, Ultimase MFC를 선정하였다. Rapidase C80 max, Pyr-flo, Ultimase MFC로 가수분해 한 백삼과 홍삼에서는 효소반응 전에는 검출되지 않았던 ginsenoside F2와 Compound K (CK)가 검출되었으며 특히 홍삼의 2차 효소 반응군에서 CK의 함량이 가장 높았다. 효소 가수분해 전 또는 후의 백삼 및 홍삼을 함유한 양갱을 제조한 후 폴리페놀 함량, 항산화 능력을 분석한 결과 백삼 및 홍삼을 함유하지 않은 양갱(대조군)에 비해 총 폴리페놀 함량, DPPH 라디칼 소거능, ABTS 라디칼 소거능, FRAP 분석 결과 모두 우수하였으며, 첨가한 백삼 및 홍삼에 효소반응을 진행할수록 유의적으로 항산화 활성이 증가하였다(P<0.05). 밝기(L^*)는 무첨가 양갱(대조군)이, 적색도(a^*)는 홍삼양갱(RG)이, 황색도(b^*)는 백삼양갱(WG)이 높게 나타났고, 조직감은 홍삼 첨가 후 2차 가수분해까지 진행한 양갱(RG-T2)이 강도(hardness), 탄력성(springiness), 씹힘성(chewiness), 응집성(cohesiveness), 검성(gumminess) 모두 유의하게 높은 결과를 나타내었다(P<0.05). 결론적으로, 백삼 또는 홍삼 추출물에 Rapidase C80 max, Pyr-flo, Ultimase MFC를 처리하면 진세노사이드 탈당화에 매우 유용하여 생리활성이 우수한 CK를 생산할 수 있으며, 효소로 가수분해 된 백삼 및 홍삼을 첨가한 양갱은 대조군(인삼 무첨가 양갱)에 비해 총 폴리페놀과 항산화 활성을 유의하게 증가시킨다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 향후 기능성 양갱 제조에 우수한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.369-375
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• 2008

본 연구는 박피시간에 따른 백삼의 색택과 일반성분 및 사포닌 함량의 변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 백삼 표피의 색택은 박피시간이 길어질수록 양호하였다. 일반성분인 조지방, 조단백질, 지방산 및 아미노산은 박피에 따라 약간 증가하였으나 탄수화물 및 유리당은 감소하였다. 조사포닌과 ginsenosides 함량은 박피에 따라 크게 감소하였다. 박피 인삼의 ginsenosides는 무박피에 비하여 약 20-30% 감소 하였다. 이러한 결과는 백삼의 박피가 색택을 좋게 하지만 인삼의 주요 유효성분인 사포닌 함량의 현저한 감소를 초래하였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.607-614
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• 1998

An automatic grading algorithm was developed to replace the manual trading of white ginseng. The algorithm consists of three consecutive stages, (a) image acquisition and preprocessing, (b) mathematical feature extraction, and (c) grade decision using artificial neural network. Mathematical features such as area ratio, mean and standard deviation of graylevel, skewness of graylevel histogram, and the number of run segment are extracted from five equally divided parts of ginseng. An artificial neural network model was used to classify white ginsengs into three categories. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated using 120 ginseng samples and the rate of successful classification was 74%.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.247-259
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• 1992

This study intended to measure the desorption and adsorption EMC of four years old Peeled ginseng, Unpeeled ginseng and Taegeuk ginseng under various conditions$20^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$) and five levels of relative humidity from 31% to 88%) by the static method. Four widely used EMC models were selected and evaluated. Also the empirical model was evaluated. The results are summarized as follows ; 1) EMC difference between ginseng size was not found but found between ginseng species. EMC difference between Peeled ginseng and Unpeeled ginseng was not found. EMC of Peeled ginseng and Unpeeled ginseng was higher than that of Taegeuk ginseng. 2) The hysteresis, which is difference between desorption and adsorption EMC, was found. Desorption EMC was higher than adsorption EMC. The hysteresis at the same temperature decreased as relative humidity increase. The difference of hysteresis between Peeled ginseng and Unpeeled ginseng was not large and the hysteresis of Taegeuk ginseng was smaller than those of other species. 3) Among the selected models, Henderson model was the best to predict the adsorption EMC of White ginseng(Peeled and Unpeeled ginseng), and Oswin model was the best to predict the desorption EMC of White ginseng and the desorption and adsorption EMC of Taegeuk ginseng. The models are as follows ; (a) White ginseng(Peeled and Unpeeled ginseng) ${\circ}$ Desorption EMC(Oswin model) : $$M=(0.1272-0.0007420T){\cdot}[RH/(1-RH)]^{(0.4164+0.001368T)}$$ ${\circ}$ Adsorption(Henderson model) : $$1-RH={\exp}[-0.0003480T_k\;{M_o}^{0.9231}]$$ (b) Taegeuk ginseng ${\circ}$ Desorption EMC(Oswin model) : $$M=(0.1051-0.0008439T)[RH/(1-RH)]^{(0.4553+0.003425T)}$$ ${\circ}$ Adsorption EMC(Oswin model) : $$M=(0.08247-0.0007559T){\cdot}[RH/(1-RH)]^{(0.5760+0.005540T)}$$ 4) The developed empirical models could predict the desorption and adsorption EMC for White and Taegeuk ginseng more precisely than selected models. The empirical models are as follows ; (a) White ginseng(Peeled and Unpeeled ginseng) ${\circ}$ Desorption EMC : $$M=0.124-0.000647T-0.216RH+0.373RH^2$$ ${\circ}$ Adsorption EMC : $$M=0.0879-0.000663T-0.197RH+0.399RH^2$$. (b) Taegeuk ginseng ${\circ}$ Desorption EMC : $$M=0.159-0.000728T-0.429RH+0.565RH^2$$ ${\circ}$ Adsorption EMC : $$M=0.123-0.000662T-0.384RH+0.555RH^2$$.