• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 1994

The germplasms of naked barley evaluated for starch content were 137 crossing blacks and progeny lines obtained from the breeding program of the Wheat and Barley Research Institute, 540 Tabdong Kwonsungu Suwon, in the 1988/1989 season. Starch content was distributed between 49.15 and 62.50% with a mean of 57.20%. It was high in the bred lines and the Uz type lines than the imported, uz type or lax type ones. The range observed for seed coat weight was 1.12-3.02mg and the mean seed coat weight was 1.88mg. The seed coat weight ratio to kernel weight was measured between 4.0 and 8.7% with a mean of 6.5%. The varieties differ greatly in the characteristics depending on the plant type and origin of germplasms. The variation observed with protein content ranged from 9.60 to. 15.90% while the average was 12.86%. Starch content was negative relationships with kernel weight, seed coat weight, seed coat weight ratio., kernel width, kernel thickness and protein content, and starch content was higher in smaller kernels within a variety. The weight and weight ratio. of seed coat were positively correlated with the width, thick-ness of kernels, whilst they were negatively correlated with starch content. The heritability of starch content was 30.0%.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2022.09a
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• pp.94-94
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• 2022

최근 밀(Triticum aestivum L.) 소비량이 꾸준히 증가하고 있어 국내 밀 자급률 증대를 위한 노력이 필요하다. 그러나 우리나라는 작물을 재배할 수 있는 농경지가 한정되어 있어 벼 수확 후 휴경 논을 이용하여 겨울철에 밀을 재배하거나, 하계 소득 작물과 연계하여 겨울철에 밀을 생산할 수 있는 방안을 모색할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 남부지역 평야지 논을 이용하여 밭작물 중심 다모작 작부체계를 제시함과 동시에 밀을 재배하여 생육 특성과 수확량 변화를 살펴보았다. 단위면적당 수수 및 종실 수량은 작부이력에 밭작물이 포함된 다년 다모작 작형(들깨-IRG-참깨-밀, 콩-IRG-참깨-밀)이 다년 벼-밀 이모작이나 벼-IRG-참깨-밀 다모작에 비해 많았으며, 특히 들깨와 콩이 포함된 작부체계에서 많았다. 밀 품종 간 비교에서는 금강밀이 조경밀에 비해 출수기와 성숙기가 2~3일 빨랐지만 종실 수량은 100 kg/10a 이상 적어, 동일한 환경조건에서 조경밀이 금강밀에 비해 곡물 생산성 측면에서 유리할 것으로 보인다. 더군다나 조경밀은 조숙 다수성 경질밀로 전국에 재배가 가능하고, 단백질 함량이 높고 강력분의 특성을 보여 제빵용으로 많이 활용되고 있다. 본 연구에서 조경밀은 단백질이 10% 이하로 낮고 아밀로스는 28.4%로 높은데 반해, 금강밀은 단백질이 11.0%로 높고 아밀로스는 26.6%로 낮아 제과·제빵에 있어서, 금강밀이 좀 더 유용할 것으로 보인다. 밀가루의 Falling number는 조경밀과 금강밀 모두 350초 이상으로 높아 수발아로 인해 전분의 분해가 일어나지 않은 건전한 상태의 곡립임을 알 수 있다. 그리고 gluten 함량도 조경밀과 금강밀 모두 유사하게 높았으며, gluten 지수는 금강밀이 좀 더 높았다. 이상의 결과를 토대로 밀 수확량을 증가시키기 위해서는 기존의 벼-밀 이모작 보다 들깨-IRG-참깨-밀이나 콩-IRG-참깨-밀 등의 다년 다모작 작형이 좀 더 유리할 것으로 보인다.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.98-108
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine the vitamin B₁ and B₃ contents in 135 Korean domestic foods using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The Standard Reference Material (SRM) 3233 and in-house control (grain, whole wheat and flour mixture) were used for quality control/assurance. As a result, vitamin B₁ was only detected in 54 of the 135 foods, ranging from 0.019 mg/100 g to 28.218 mg/100 g. Among the foods tested, the vitamin B₁ content was highest in ramen powder (28.218 mg/100 g) and lowest in boiled jjolmyeon (0.019 mg/100 g). In contrast, vitamin B₃ was detected in 108 of the 135 foods, ranging from 0.077 mg/100 g to 32.412 mg/100 g. We found that the vitamin B₃ content was highest in beef liver (32.412 mg/100 g) and lowest in boiled chicken heart (0.077 mg/100 g). The results of this study will be used as a nutritional database for the update of the Korean food composition table and will hence contribute to improving public health.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.284-293
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• 2020

Rice consumption in Korea has been decreasing as the eating habits of the Korean people have diversified with rapid economic growth. Recently, floury endosperm rice cultivars were developed to boost rice consumption and replace wheat flour consumption with rice flour, which is vulnerable to viviparity under wet weather during the grain-filling stage because of its loosely packed starch granule structures. To overcome this limitation, it is necessary to find a suitable rice transplanting date to produce high-quality rice flour by altering the heading ecology type and changing the cultivation time by region. We examined four floury endosperm rice cultivars (FERC) in the Cheongju (central plain area) and Boeun (mid-mountainous area) regions of Korea from 2017 to 2019. Of the FERCs, the mid-late maturing types (MMT) Seolgaeng (SG), Hangaru (HGR), and Shingil (SGL) exhibited high yield and yield components after transplanting May 30 in both regions; the early maturing type (EMT) Garumi 2 (GRM2) also exhibited high yield after transplanting June 20 in Cheongju. In addition, MMTs showed the same tendency as the characteristics shown in Cheongju when grown in the Boeun region, and EMT displayed high yield and yield components after transplanting June 10. The FERCs could easily present pre-harvest sprouting in the rainy season during the grain-filling stage after 20 days post-heading because the mean temperature and frequency of more three-day rainfalls have increased over the last 5 years from the previous annual averages. Viviparity of HGR and GRM2 decreased as the transplanting date was delayed, with decreases of 2.3%-4.6% in HGR and 11.9%-23.1% in GRM2 according to the region. SGL was generally resistant to viviparity because of the Tongil type. To minimize pre-harvest sprouting and produce high yield of rice flour in the Chungbuk province, the most suitable transplanting time was the end of May in MMT and the middle and end of June in EMT.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.671-683
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• 1995

This study was aimed to provide understanding on the eco-physiological response of barley tillers as affected by sowing depth. Yield and yield contribution rate of tillers were investigated with the data of field experiments in the former Wheat and Barley Research Institute of Suwon, Korea from October 1983 to July 1984. When barley was sowed in various depth of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9cm below the ground surface, 13 mainstem leaves appeared by 3 and 5cm treatments, and 11 leaves by 1, 7 and 9cm treatments. The effective tillers were observed from 8/0 in lcm depth, while 10/0 in 3-5cm depth and 9/0 in 7cm depth. There was no coleoptile tiller in 7cm depth sowing. Deep and shallow sowings produced fewer leaves and tillers, as early growth was hindered by deep sowing whereas cold damage was apparent in shallow sowing. Accordingly, more effective tillers per plant and higher grain weight per ear were observed in 3∼5cm depth sowing. Yield contribution by the tillers with various sowing depth was as follows: mainstem, 1, 2, 11, 3, 21, 4 and 12. The contribution of 1P, 13, 2P, 23 and 31 varied with the treatments.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1996

This study was aimed to provide understanding on the eco-physiological response of barley tillers as affected by fertilizer application level. Yield and yield contribution rate of tillers were investigated with the data of field experiments in the former Wheat and Barley Research Institute of Suwon, Korea from September 1982 to July 1984. The 50％ and 100％ increased rates of fertilizer application were compared to the local recommendation, which is 120 - 90 - 70kg /ha for N-P$_2$O$_{5}$-K$_2$O, to examine tiller dynamics under diverse fertilization scheme. With the increased rates, more mainstem leaves appeared and more effective tillers resulted from C3, 4P, 41, 2P1 and 3PP. Higher number and yield of grains per plant were also observed in the increased rates, though the number of grains and grain yield per ear were slightly lower than the recommended rate. The order of yield contribution by various tillers with the recommended rate and 50％ increment was mainstem, 1, 2, 11, 3, 21, 12, 22, 4 and C, but 1 and 11 contributed more than mainstem and 3 with the 100％ increased rate.e.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.68 no.4
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• pp.392-401
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• 2023

Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the world's most important crops, along with wheat and rice, with a global corn production expected to reach 1,154.5 million tons in 2023. Considering this grain production, The generation of corn cob is expected to reach approximately 207.8 million tons in 2023. However, as an agricultural by-product, corn cobs are often considered waste and remain underutilized. Phytosterols, which are abundant in vegetable oils such as corn oil, provide a number of health benefits, including liver health, cholesterol reduction, and protection against chronic diseases such as diabetes. In this study, we investigated the potential of Kwangpyeongok ears, which are commonly used as grain and silage corn in Korea. We also examined the variation in phytosterol content with the maturity of corn ears to identify the optimal time for utilization. At the beginning of physiological maturity, corn cobs had 113.3 mg/100g DW of total phytosterols, which was highest phytosterol abundance during the growth stage. Corn kernels also had the highest phytosterol content at the beginning of physiological maturity. While previous studies on corn bioactive compounds have mainly focused on the kernels, the results of this study highlight that cobs are an excellent source of these compounds. Furthermore, phytosterol levels were influenced by genetic factors and developmental stages, suggesting the to increase the use of cobs as a source of bioactive compounds.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.15
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• pp.1-31
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• 1974

Introducing genes for earliness of wheat varieties is important to develop early varieties in winter wheat. In oder to obtain basic informations on the response of heading to the different day length and temperature treatments and on the inheritance of heading dates, experiments were conducted at the field and greenhouse of the Crop Experiment Station, Suwon. Varieties used in this experiments were, early variety Yecora F70, medium varieties Suke #169, Parker and Yukseung #3, and late varieties Changkwang, Bezostaia, Sturdy and Blueboy. The parents and F$_1$s of partial diallel crosses of above eight varieties were subjected the following four different treatments; 1. high temperature and long day, 2. high temperature and short day, 3. low temperature and long day, and 4. low temperature and short day. The same materials were grown also in field condition. Parents, F$_1$ and F$_2$ generation were grown also in both greenhouse under high temperature and short day and in field. The results obtained were summarized as follow: 1. No effects of temperature and daylength on the number of leaves on the main stem were found when -varieties were vernalized. The number of main stem leaves were fewer for spring type of varieties than for winter type of varieties. 2. The effects of temperature and daylength on the days to flag leaf opening were dependent on the speed of leaf emergence. The speed of leaf emergence were faster for lower leaves than for upper leaves. 3. The response to short day and long day (earliness of narrow sense) of varieties were found to be direct factor responsible to physiology of heading dates in vernalized varieties. Great difference of varieties to heading date was found in high temperature and short day treatment, but less differences were found in high temperature and long day, low temperature and long day and low temperature and short day treatments respectively. The least varietal difference for heading dates was found in the field condition. 4. Changkwang and Parker were found to be the most sensitive to short day treatment (photosensitive) and the heading of these varieties were delayed by short day treatment. No great varietal differences were found among other varieties. 5. Varietal differences of heading dates due to daylength were greater in high temperature than in low temperature. 6. Varietal differences of heading dates due to temperature were not great. but in general the heading dates of varieties were faster under high temperature than under low temperature. 7. Earliness of heading dates was due to partial dominance effect of genes involved in any condition. The degree of dominance was greater under short day than under long day treatment. 8. The varietal differences of heading date under high temperature and long day were due to earliness or narrow sense (response to long day) of varieties. The degree of dominance was greater for Yecora F70, spring type than for other winter type of varieties. No differences or less differences of degree of dominance was found among winter type of varieties. The estimated number of effective factor concerned in the earliness of narrow sense was one pair of allele with minor genes. 9. The insensitivity of varieties to short day treatment in heading dates was due to single dominant gene effect. Under the low temperature the sensitivity of varieties to short day treatment was less apparent. 10. The earliness of short day and long day (earliness of narrow sense) sensitivities of varieties appearea to be due to partial dominance of earliness over lateness. In strict sense, the degree of the dominance should be distinguished. 11. Dominant gene effects were found for the thermo-sensitivity of varieties, and the effect was less, significant than the earliness in narrow sense. 12. One pair of allele, ee and EE, for photosensitivity was responsible for the difference in the heading dates between Changkwang and Suke #169. Two pairs of alleles, ee, enen and EE, EnEn. appeared to be responsible for the difference between Changkwang and Yecora F70. The effects of EE and EnEn were, additive to the earliness and the effects of EE were greater than EnEn under short day. However, the effects of EE were not evident in long day but the effects of EnEn were observed in long day. 13. Two pairs of dominant alleles for the earliness were estimated from the analysis of F$_1$ diallels in the field but the effects of these alleles in F$_2$ were not apparent due to low temperature and short day treatment in early part of growth and high temperature and long day treatment in later part of growth. The F$_2$ population shows continuous variation due to environmental effects and due to other minor gene effects. 14. The heritabilities for heading dates were ranged from 0.51 to 0.72, indicating that the selection in early generation might be effective. The extent of heritability for heading dates varied with environments; higher magnitude of heritability was obtained in short day treatment and high temperature compared with long day and low temperature treatments. The heritabilities of heading date due to response to short day were 0.86 in high temperature and 0.76 in low temperature. The heritabilities of heading date due to temperature were not significantly high. 15. The correlation coefficients of heading dates to the number of grains per spike, weight of 1, 000 grains. and grain yield were positive and high, indicating the difficulties of selections of high yielding lines from early population. But no significant correlation coefficient was obtained between the earliness and the number of spikes, indicating the effective selection for high tillering from early varieties for high yielding.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 1977

The results of the determination of the optimum level of nitrogen fertilizer experiment for rice paddy at 21 locations over the country in 1975 year are as follows. 1. The yields of control and N-fertilized plots of ordinary variety (Japonica type) were normal paddy soil>sandy paddy soil>poorly drained paddy soil. Control plots of Tongil variety, (Indica type) however, were sandy poorly drained soil>sandy normal paddy soil=clay poorly drained soil, and N-fertilized plots were normal paddy soil>sandy poorly drained soil>sandy soil>clay poorly drained soil. In other words Tongil variety has higher adaptability to sandy soil under no nitrogen. 2. The yield response to N-fertilizer was higher in normal paddy soil than sandy soil. The productivity per 1kg of nitrogen was 16.6kg in normal paddy soil, 10.5 in sandy soil, and 8.6-11.4 in poorly drained soil for Tongil variety. For ordinary variety, they were 12.6, 6.3, 6.6-9.3kg respectively. 3. Ripening ratio for ordinary variety and ripening ratio and grain weight for Togil variety were higher in sandy soil than normal paddy soil. The main reason why the N-response in mormal paddy soil is higher was appeared to be higher number of effective tillers in normal paddy soil. 4. The optimum rates of N-fertilizer in average were 19.4 in normal paddy soil, 14.6 in sandy soil, and 11.6-13.4kg/10a in poorly drained soil for Tongil variety. For ordinary variety they were 15.9, 10.2, and 8.7-12.7kg/10a respectively. 5. The optimum rate of nitrogen was increased with the increase of productivity in normal paddy soils. In sandy soils and poorly drained soils it was not proved. 6. The optimum rates of N-fertilizer calculated from field experiment were somewhat different from the optimum rates calculated from $SiO_2/OM$ ratio. However, the values calculated both ways showed high correlation. It would be recommendable, therefore, to use $SiO_2/OM$ ratio to calculate the optimum rates of N-fertilizer after revising this equation considering different rice varieties and soil types or water management and climate.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.251-259
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• 1987

Humic acids extracted from decomposing plant residues were characterized by infrared(IR) spectra. The IR spectra were further interpreted by chemical analyses for oxygen-containing functional groups such as carboxyl, phenolic, alcoholic, carbonyl, and quinionic groups. 1. The IR spectra obtained in this study were divied into three categories: spectra of humic acids from grain crop straws of rice, barley, wheat and rye produced Type I, while that from wild grass hay yielded Type II, and those from forest tree litter of the deciduous and conifers were led to give Type III. 2. There were no significant changes in the absorption bands observed among humic acids extracted at various stages of decomposition of a given Plant material. 3. The absorption band at about $3,430cm^{-1}$ represents the presence of hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl groups, phenolic-OH groups being the major component. 4. A close relationship was found between the total acidity and the content of phenolic-OH groups of humic acids. The content of carboxyl groups maintains a direct relationship with the content of total hydroxyl groups, and such a close relationship also exists between the content of alcoholic hydroxyls and that of total hydroxyl groups. 5. Overlapping of the absorption bands of carbonyl groups and quinones renders it difficult to make differentiation between the two. 6. A variety of non-armoatic cyclic hydrocarbons appears to be a structural component as evidenced by a sharp absorption peak near $995-1000cm^{-1}$.