• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 1974

Milssal is a polished, partially gelatinized pressed wheat grain and it is being consumed in Korea. This study was conducted to establish 2 practical means of providing needed lysine to the Korean population through fortification of Milssal. The results are summarized as follow: Lysine infusion of Milssal was significantly higher than polished wheat grain and affected by such factors as time and concentration of infusion solution. Cooking characteristics including water-uptake ratio and expanded volume were apparently better than polished wheat. After conducting the series of fortification experiments under actual manufacturing conditions. a reasonable process was chosen. In the developed process. lysine HCl solution was sprayed instead of water to the cleaned and debranned wheat grains during the regular wetting process. There was no differences in appearance and taste of Milssal before and after fortification. Fortification of the protein of Milssal with lysine has been found to bring a significant improvement in the growth rate of rats and the protein efficiency ratio. Stability remained relatively high throughout the storage period(90 days at $10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$ or 30 days at $37^{\circ}C$).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.48-51
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the retardation effect of commercial wheat flours on starch retrogradation using a model system, the rice cake (garaetteok). Rice cakes were prepared with four different commercial wheat flours in various concentrations (0.1-0.7%). The rice cakes were vacuum-packed and stored for 4 days at room temperature. The rice cakes containing > 0.3% wheat flour were not able to maintain their original appearance due to enzymatic decomposition, whereas the rice cakes containing 0.1% wheat flour did not reveal any retrogradation-retardation effect. Garaetteok containing 0.2% wheat flour maintained its shape well and showed considerably lower hardness than that of the control, thereby demonstrating a retrogradation-retardation effect. The commercial wheat flours clearly showed the retardation effect on starch retrogradation, and thus, it is important to use a proper amount. On the other hand, the retrogradation-retardation effect of the different wheat flours was not significantly altered possibly due to the same origin of wheat grain.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.203-203
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• 2022

A new winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar "Hwanggeumal" was developed by the NICS(National Institute of Crop Science), RDA(Rular Dvelopment Administraion) in 2019. It was derived from a cross of the "Jokyoung//Kauz/Rayon" and "Jopoom" in 2008. It had advanced generation through bulk and pedigree method for seven years and designated line name "Jeonju398" after AYT(Advance Yield Trial) test for two years. And "Hwangeumal" was designated variety name after RYT(Regional Yield Trial) test in eight locations around Korea for two years from 2018 to 2019. Its heading date was April 19 and maturity date was May 31, which were similar to Jokyoung. "Hwanggeumal" had shorter plant height(75 cm) and spike length(7.1 cm), spikes per m²(699) and lower 1,000 grain weight(44.2 g) than "Jokyoung"(78 cm, 8.2 cm, 776, 46.6 g, respectively). "Hwanggeumal" was showed weak to winter hardiness and susceptible to powdery mildew but tolerance to PHS(Pre-harvest sprouting). The average grain yield in the AYT was 6.2 ton/ha, which were 10% more than "Jokyoung" And in the RYT was 5.1 ton/ha in upland and 4.4 ton/ha in paddy field, which were lower than "Jokyoung", respectively. "Hwanggeumal"s flour yield (71.4%) and flour lightness (91.82) showed similar to "Jokyung" and higher protein content (14.0%) and gluten content (10.3%) and SDS-sedimentation volume (60.3ml). These result showed that the "Hwanggeumal" dough strength of flour is strong than "Jokyung". "Hwanggeumal"s HMW-GS(High molecular weight gluten subunits) composition are Glu-D1 (5+10), Granule-bound starch synthase(GBSS) composition are Wx-A1 (a), Wx-B1 (b), Wx-D1 (a) and composition of Puroindolines are Pina-D1(a), Pinb-D1(b).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.123-133
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• 1992

This study was conducted to clarify progressed changes of plant types and the effects of the physiological and ecological components on improving ideotype of winter wheat. 12 wheat varieties were planted at the experimental farm of Wheat and Barley Research Institute in Suwon in 1990. As results of intensive wheat breeding for early maturity since 1959, heading, flowering and maturing dates have been shortened by 17, 15 and 14 dagys, respectively. The shortened days from sowing to heading and from heading to flowering contributed to the early maturity to improved. Physiological factors associated with heading time of wheat could be reprsented by growth habit, photoperiod responses, earliness in narrow sense and winter hardiness. For improving an early maturity of winter wheat, it would desired to maintain some degree of winter habit(III-IV), and recombination of more insensitivity to short day length and more shortened earliness in narrow sense than that of Saemil and Chugoku 81, and higher degree of winter hardiness. For improving the early maturity the more effective way must be of shortened days from sowing to heading, and days from flowering to maturity than days from heading to flowering. Ideotype of wheat will be desired to recombine two semi-dwarf genes with erect plant type being about 70-80cm, less stem elongation by late spring, long spike and many grains per spikelet. Average spike weight ratio was about 45-49% in high-yielding varieties, stem fresh weight was lighter, but spike fresh weight was heavier in new one while leaf fresh weight was similar to each other during the maturing periods. Average spike dry weight ratio was higher about 40～48%, and stem and leaf blade dry weights were lower in the newly bred varieties. Stem dry weight was heavier than spike or leaf dry weight in the old varieties of Yungkwang, Jangwang and Jinkwang. Leaf area index for the varieties showed normal distribution curve as the maximum point in booting stage. The maximum point of this curve come in early maturing wheat, and late in old one. The maximum points of LAI were 6.4～6.8 in the high-yielding varieties. Totals of LAI in each period investigated of old one were higher than those of newly bred being 24.6～28.8. Chlorophyll content of the high-yielding varieties of Chokwang, Geurumil and Saemil as higher than that of the old varieties Jangkwang, Jinkwang, Wonkwang and Sinkwang from regrowing period to April 21. after then slightly and even after heading. Net assimilation rate (NAR) was higher in high-yielding varieties with good plant type, and lower in old ones. Grain yield of the newly released varieties increased rapidly but slowly in the old ones. Change in water content of grain at the growing stage in newly bred was lower than that of the old bred. Diminishing rate of water content of grain in establishment per day was 1.2% average that of the old varieties including Yungkwang was 1.5%, and those of the newly bred including Chokwang were 0.9～1.1%. Chokwang, Naemil, and Saemil were the highest-yielding varieties of the Korean cultivars. Yields were increased by spikes per m$^2$, grain weight for the varieties bred in Suwon, and by spikes per m$^2$ for the varieties bred in Milyang.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.258-258
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• 2017

We received 73 wheat resources from CIMMYT for analysis of agricultural characteristics and qualities of them. We sowed 73 lines and 4 Korean varieties in fall and spring to compare differences of wheat traits between fall and spring seeding. The heading and maturity date of fall seeding lines has coming faster average 18 days than spring seeding lines. Fall seeding lines have more number of spike per $m^2$ and grain number of spike. Spike and awn length of spring seeding lines were shorter than fall seeding lines and stem length was variable to varieties in both condition. Protein contents of five of 73 lines, Jokyoung and Jopoom varieties decreased but the others increased. The sedimentation values of 34 lines include Jokyoung and falling number (F/N) of 44 lines include two varieties, Keumkang and Jokyoung, decreased but the others increased, respectively. Particle size was presented that most spring seeding lines were bigger. However, when it sowed in fall, the lightness (L) of wheat flour was lighter. Consequently, we confirmed when it was sowed in spring, agricultural traits and qualities of wheat got weak.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2014

Fusarium head blight (FHB; scab) caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum is a devastating disease of wheat and barley around the world. FHB causes yield reductions and contamination of grain with trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) which are a major health concern for humans and animals. The objective of this research was to develop an easy seed or seedling inoculation assay, and to compare these assays with whole plant resistance of twenty-nine Korean winter wheat cultivars to FHB. The clip-dipping assay consists of cutting off the coleoptiles apex, dipping the coleoptiles apex in conidial suspension, covering in plastic bag for 3 days, and measuring the lengths of lesions 7 days after inoculation. There were significant cultivar differences after inoculation with F. graminearum in seedling relative to the controls. Correlation coefficients between the lesion lengths of clip-dipping inoculation and FHB Type II resistance from adult plants were significant (r=0.45; P<0.05). Results from two other seedling inoculation methods, spraying and pin-point inoculation, were not correlated with adult FHB resistance. Single linear correlation was not significant between seed germination assays (soaking and soak-dry) and FHB resistance (Type I and Type II), respectively. These results showed that clip-dipping inoculation method using F. graminearum may offer a real possibility of simple, rapid, and reliable for the early screening of FHB resistance in wheat.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.s02
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• pp.96-114
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• 1989

There are several meterorolgical stresses in the winter cereal crops. Among these stresses, cold injury is one of the most important stresses for wheat and barley production in Korea. The reduction in grain yield of the wheat and barley due to cold injury has occurred almost every year in Korea. The objective of the study was to get the basic information in relation to the cold injury and to detect the method minimizing the damage of cold injury. When the air temperature was the ranges of -13$^{\circ}C$ to -15$^{\circ}C$, the soil temperature at the crown part of the plant was very stable, whereas in the ranges of -2$^{\circ}C$ to -3$^{\circ}C$ the soil surface temperature was more unstable and cold than air and subterranean temperatures. The different parts of the plant in wheat and barley possess the different levels of cold hardiness. In comparison to the cold hardiness of plant parts, the leaf and crown are the less sensitive to cold injury than root and vascular transitional zone. The type and extent of stress is determined by the redistribution pattern of water during freezing. These types from freezing processes were three types: a) Equilibrium freezing pattern b) Non -equilibrium freezing pattern, c) Non-equilibrium freezing pattern typical of tender tissues. Cold hardiness in wheat plants were more harder than barley plants at vegitative stage, but inverted at the reproductive stage. Injuries by low temperature during the seasons of barley cultivation in Korea were occured mainly in four stage; in the first and third stage, frost injury occurs, the second stage, freezing injury, and the fourth stage, chilling injury.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.2
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• pp.120-129
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• 2021

Securing a range of wheat resources is of particular importance with respect to wheat breeding, as it provides a broad genetic foundation. Although wheat breeders have used different wheat germplasms as material resources in current breeding systems, the traits of most germplasms collected from foreign countries differ from the unique traits that have evolved in the Korean environment. In this study, conducted over a 2-year period (2018 and 2019), we therefore evaluated the agricultural traits 1,967 wheat germplasms collected not only in Korea but also worldwide. During the period from sowing to February, the average temperature in 2019 was greater than 1℃, whereas from March to June, the average temperature was approximately 0.9℃ higher in 2018. Compared with the growth recorded in 2018, the stem length in 2019 increased by approximately 20 cm in 2019, and there were notable differences heading date and maturation between 2018 and 2019. In 2019, the heading dates of 973 and 713 wheat resources were earlier and later than those in 2018, respectively. Moreover, stem length was found to be highly correlated with the heading date and maturation. In Korea, where the rainy season and tine of rice transplantation overlap with the time of wheat harvest, early flowering time with high grain yield has been the most important selection target with respect to wheat breeding. We anticipate that the findings of this study will provide would use a foundation for the selection of elite materials and the development of resource core-sets for Korean wheat breeding programs.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.585-591
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• 2012

The antagonistic effect of Trichoderma harzianum on a range of seed-borne fungal pathogens of wheat (viz. Fusarium graminearum, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Aspergillus spp., and Penicillium spp.) was assessed. The potential of T. harzianum as a biocontrol agent was tested in vitro and under field conditions. Coculture of the pathogens and Trichoderma under laboratory conditions clearly showed dominance of T. harzianum. Under natural conditions, biocontrol effects were also obtained against the test fungi. One month after sowing, field emergence (plant stand) was increased by 15.93% over that obtained with the control treatment, and seedling infection was reduced significantly. Leaf blight severity was decreased from 22 to 11 at the heading stage, 35 to 31 at the flowering stage, and 86 to 74 at the grain filling stage. At harvest, the number of tillers per plant was increased by 50%, the yield was increased by 31.58%, and the 1,000-seed weight was increased by 21%.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.15-20
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• 1980

Heritability of heading date, maturing date and culm length were high and the year variation was relatively low. Yield components were considerably low in heritability due to large year variation. Direct effects of number of spikes/$m^2$ and 1, 000 grain weight to yield were high. For improved selection efficiency, at least three years continuous evaluation of experiments would be desired.