• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.645-650
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• 2006

Thirty early lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes, six animals in each group, were used in a completely randomized design to examine the feeding value of 4% urea treated wheat straw (UTWS) ensiled with 6% or without acidified molasses. Five experimental diets were formulated. The control ration was balanced to contain 30% DM from UTWS ensiled without acidified molasses. The other four diets were formulated to have 30, 40, 50 and 60% DM from UTWS ensiled with 6% acidified molasses, respectively. Dry matter and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes were higher in buffaloes fed diets containing UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses compared with those fed a diet containing UTWS ensiled without acidified molasses. Intake of DM was not significantly different in buffaloes fed diets containing varying levels of UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses. A similar trend was observed for crude protein (CP) intake. Apparent DM and NDF digestibilities were significantly higher in buffaloes fed diets containing UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses compared with those fed UTWS ensiled without acidified molasses. However, differences in DM and NDF digestibilities were non-significant across buffaloes fed diets containing varying levels of UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses. Milk yield (4% fat corrected) was significantly higher in buffaloes fed diets containing UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses than those fed a diet containing UTWS ensiled without acidified molasses. Milk yield was similar in buffaloes fed varying level of UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses. Milk CP, true protein, solid-not-fat and total solids were similar in buffaloes fed UTWS ensiled with or without acidified molasses. The UTWS ensiled with 6% acidified molasses can be included at up to 60% DM of lactating buffalo rations without any ill effect on productivity.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 1999.04b
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• pp.386-389
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• 1999

Amphoteric polymers have brought to papermakers' attention gradually. In this paper, a series of amphoteric starches with different cationic and anionic degree of substitution (DS) are prepared. Better product has been selected and used under different condition. As retention and drainage aids, amphoteric starches were used in shorter fiber length, weak strength and poor drainage bleached AQ-Soda wheat straw pulp. In neutral and alkaline papermaking system, when amphoteric starches contain 0.024-0.026 anionic degree of substitution (DS), it is shown that the higher the cationic degree of substitution (DS) in amphoteric starches, the better the filler retention. The filler retention is improved 12.5%, 30.3%, and 35.1% and 32.5% respectively by adding 1% amphoteric starch LS-L2 -1 (0.034), LS-L2-2 (0.040), LS-L2-3 (0.047) and LS-L2-4 (0.052). But the strength of handsheets if affected a little. By adding 2% Al2 (SO4)3 and 1.5% LS-L2-3 at pH 7.5, filler retention can be improved from 38% to 80%, and breaking length of sheet only decreases 3.2%. As dry strengthening aids, amphoteric starches were used in eucalyptus APMP. Amphoteric starches are used in eucalyptus APMP. The amphoteric starch LS-L2-2 is better dry strength aid. Adding 1% LS-L2-2 can improve breaking length 24.5%, burst index 42.9%, tear index 38.8%, folding endurance and density of the handsheets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.1491-1499
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• 2018

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the effects of an Aspergillus sulphureus xylanase expressed in Pichia pastoris on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gut microbes in weanling pigs. Methods: A total of 180 weanling pigs (initial body weights were $8.47{\pm}1.40kg$) were assigned randomly to 5 dietary treatments. Each treatment had 6 replicates with 6 pigs per replicate. The experimental diets were wheat based with supplementation of 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 U xylanase/kg. The experiment lasted 28 days (early phase, d 0 to 14; late phase, d 15 to 28). Results: In the early phase, compared to the control, average daily gain (ADG) was higher for pigs fed diets supplemented with xylanase and there was a quadratic response in ADG (p<0.05). In the entire phase, ADG was higher for the pigs fed 1,000 or 2,000 U/kg xylanase compared to the control (p<0.05). The gain to feed ratio was higher for pigs fed diets supplemented with 1,000 or 2,000 U/kg xylanase compared to the control (p<0.05). Increasing the amount of xylanase improved the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, calcium, and phosphorus during both periods (p<0.05). Xylanase supplementation (2,000 U/kg) decreased the proportion of Lachnospiraceae (by 50%) in Firmicutes, but increased Prevotellaceae (by 175%) in Bacteroidetes and almost diminished Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia-Shigella) in Proteobacteria. Conclusion: Xylanase supplementation increased growth performance and nutrient digestibility up to 2,000 U/kg. Supplementation of xylanase (2,000 U/kg) decreased the richness of gut bacteria but diminished the growth of harmful pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia-Shigella, in the colon.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 1978

In order to determine the feeding value of t:1e waste wood of Lentinus eddodes, the waste wood was milled and treated with $Ca(OH)_2$ and cellulase, then raw waste wood and the treated waste wood were fed to broiler chicken and Korean native goates. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The chemical composition of the waste wood was c. protein 2.26%. c. fat 2.57%. c. fiber 44.60 and c. ash 5.58%. No differences were detected between the raw waste wood and $Ca(OH)_2$ or cellulase treated waste wood in chemical composition. 2. In amino acid composition. no cystine and methionine was showed, but trace amount of Vitamin A, $B_1$, and $B_2$, and cholin chloride were detected. 3. Trichoderma viride SANK. No. 16374 was used to decompose the cellulose. 4. In broiler performance, when waste wood meal was subsituted for 5% wheat bran, no adverse effect was showed on weight gain, feed in take and feed efficiency. But $Ca(OH)_2$ and cellulase treated waste wood meal could be subsituted for 8% wheat bran. 5. In Korean native goat performance, feeding waste wood meal subsituted by 50% various bran (25% defatted rice bran and 25% barley bran) had no adverse effect on growth and feed efficiency. 6. Considering the above results, though the waste wood meal could be replaced to part of various bran, there was a bottle-neck to process the waste wood. The waste wood of Lentinus edodes was little feeding value on bed of ruminant.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.952-958
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• 2004

Effects of normal (non-waxy) and waxy millet flours on properties of sponge cake were examined. Total dietary fiber contents of normal and waxy millets were 5.04 and 5.12%, respectively, while that of soft wheat flour was 2.23%. Alkaline water retention capacity value generally increased with addition of normal and waxy millet flours, whereas peak, minimum, and final viscosities decreased. Mixing time and mixing height decreased with addition of millet flour. Lightness of cake crust increased with addition of normal millet flour, whereas it decreased with addition of waxy millet flour, tightness of cake crumb decreased as the amount of normal and waxy millet flours increased. Increasing proportions of normal and waxy millet flours resulted in significantly decreased loaf volume. Replacement of 10% wheat flour by both normal and waxy millet flours did not significantly affect characteristics of sponge cake, but addition of more than 20% millet flour resulted in significant differences in quality characteristics.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.3_spc
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• pp.371-384
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• 2021

Objective: Wheat bran (WB) was co-fermented with Aspergillus oryzae and phytase (Phy) to determine whether co-fermentation improve WB phosphorus and fiber utilization in Isa-brown layers. Methods: A total of 112 Isa brown layer were randomly divided into 7 treatments with 8 replicates per a treatment and 2 hens per a replicate. The treatments included basal diet (control), basal diet supplemented with 250 unit/kg Phy (control+Phy), diet with 10% WB (10% WB), diet with 5% WB and 250 unit/kg Phy (5% WB+Phy) diet with 10% WB and 250 unit/kg Phy (10% WB+Phy), diet with 5% fermented WB supplemented with molasses and phy (PCFWH) and 125 unit/kg Phy (5% PCFWH), and diet with 10% PCFWH (10% PCFWH). The intestinal microbial population, intestinal morphology, serum antioxidant enzyme activities, and excreta phosphorus content were assessed. Results: In PCFWH, spore counts, protease activity, xylanase activity, and ferulic acid were 8.50 log/g dry matter (DM), 190 unit/g DM, 120 unit/g DM, and 127 ㎍/g, respectively. Xylobiose and xylotriose were released in PCFWH, while they were not detectable in WB. Antioxidant capacity was also enhanced in PCFWH compared to WB. The 10% WB+Phy and 10% PCFWH groups produced higher egg mass, but hens fed 5% WB+Phy had the lowest amount of feed intake. Eggs from 10% PCFWH had better eggshell weight, eggshell strength, and eggshell thickness. Birds fed with 10% PCFWH also had higher serum superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Compare to control, 10% PCFWH significantly reduced excreta phosphorus content. Conclusion: Diet inclusion of 10% PCFWH improved egg quality, antioxidant status, and excreta phosphorus content of laying hens.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1085-1095
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• 2024

Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine available energy and nutritional digestibility of extruded cereals and the effect of extrusion on the nutritional value of feed ingredients, aiming to provide scientific basis for efficient application of extrusion in the diets of growing pigs. Methods: In Exp. 1, 48 crossbred growing pigs (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an initial body weight (BW) of 34.6±2.2 kg were selected and fed with eight diets (non-extrusion or extrusion) to determine the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and nutrients digestibility. Eight diets included extruded grains (barley, wheat, sorghum, or broken rice), while four had unprocessed grains. In Exp. 2, 9 diets were formulated including 4 cereals with extrusion or non-extrusion and a N-free diet. In addition, 9 growing pigs (BW = 22.3±2.8 kg) were fitted with T-cannula in the distal ileum and arranged in a 9×6 Youden square design. Results: Results show that apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy, dry matter, organic meal, ether extract, neutral and acid detergent fiber was not affected by the extrusion process and there was no interaction between cereal type and extrusion treatment on DE, ME. However, the apparent total tract digestibility for crude protein (CP) increased markedly (p<0.05). The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of all amino acids (AA) except for leucine remarkably increased by extrusion (p<0.05). There was an interaction on the SID of arginine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, cystine, and tyrosine in growing pigs between type of grain and extrusion treatment (p<0.05). Conclusion: Extrusion increased the ileal digestibility of CP and most AA in cereals, however, the DE and ME of cereals were not affected in growing pigs.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.187-196
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the different cutting dates on the changes of feed quality among five cereals (barley, wheat, rye, triticale and oat) for whole crop silage. Field trials were conducted at paddy field in Yesan, Chungnam Province and the aerial parts were clipped 10 days from 15 March to 15 June. Changes of acid detergent fiber (ADF) content in relation to different cutting dates was described by a quadratic curve for 5 winter cereals crops. ADF content reached a maximum at 5 days after heading in barley cultivar 'Youngyang', 7 days in wheat 'Keumkang', 18 days in rye 'Gogu', 1 days in triticale 'Shinyoung' and 10 days in oat 'Samhan'. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content were linearly increased as growing after overwintering and stagnated or slightly decreased after heading. The crude protein were linearly decreased throughout the growth period of 5 whole crop cereals. Digestible dry matter (DDM) content were decreased from early stages to heading and subsequently increased as grain filling. Relative feed value (RFV) for 5 crops were decreased as growing and subsequently increased as grain filling after heading. Barley cultivar for only forage use 'Youngyang' were lower at ADF and NDF content and higher at DDM and RFV after heading than those of other cereals for forage use. So, barley for whole crop silage was a good crop with high feed quality and high proportion of spikes compared with other winter cereal crops. Wheat cultivar for grain 'Keumkang' were higher at crude protein than those of other four cereals from overwintering to maturing and were higher at DDM and RFV after heading than those of rye, triticale and oat. Rye cultivar with cold tolerant and high fresh yielding 'Gogu' were highest at ADF and NDF content and lowest at DDM content and RFV. So, rye was a crop with low quality for forage use compared to other winter cereal crops. Triticale cultivar with flourishing and high yielding 'Shinyoung' was intermediated between barley and rye, and were linearly increased at DDM yield by different cutting dates. Oat cultivar with cold tolerant and high tillering 'Samhan' were lower at ADF and NDF content and higher at crude protein before heading, but after heading, there are not especially advantages compared to barley, wheat or triticale.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.215-220
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to compare forage production and feed value of winter forage crops at the experimental field of Livestock Division, National Institute of Subtropical Agriculture from 2007 to 2008. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The five winter forage crops used in this experiment were barely ('Youngyang' and 'Yuyeon'), oats ('Samhan' and 'Swan'), wheat ('Kumkang' and 'Woori'), triticale ('Shinyoung') and italian ryegrass ('Hwasan 101' and 'Florida-80'). The species having the fastest heading date was wheat (5th April) while the heading date of oats ('Samhan') was the latest as 28th April. The dry matter (DM) content of wheat was the highest among the five winter forage crops. Italian ryegrass ('Hwasan 101') showed the highest CP content by 11.2% and oats (Swan) showed the lowest content by 9.8%. Average acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content were 28.6 and 50.8% respectively. The five winter forage crops have narrow range of total nutrient digestibility (TDN) from 64.0% to 69.1%. Italian ryegrass ('Hwasan 101') showed the highest DM yield by 25,951 kg/ha, but the DM yield of barely and wheat low by 13,892 kg/ha ('Yuyeon') and 14,815 kg/ha ('Woori'), respectively. Italian ryegrass and oats have higher forage yield and feed value in Jeju. Also, oats has high grain and forage yield. The results demonstrated oats can cultivate as alternative winter forage crop for whole crop silage barely in Jeju.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 1987

Three-week-old, broiler-type, mixed sex chicks were divided into replicate groups of 10 birds each and fed for 5 weeks. The wheat bran was defatted and added at 0, 10 and 20% levels. A fourth group received the 20% wheat bran plus a cellulase enzyme added at the level of 0.008%. After a five-week experimental period without a marker a 24-pen battery on the four diets were supplemented with 1% chromic oxide and fed 100g daily. After a 2-day preliminary period, feces were collected three times daily from each diet group for two days at 2, 4 or 8 hours after feeding. At the end of 4 days, within each diet group, birds were randomly selected for slaughter at 2, 4 or 8 hours after feeding and the entire gastrointestinal tract was removed and ligated to form five compartments. The lengths of each segment were measured after straightening, and the gizzard was emptied and weighed. The summarized data showed that the group fed on the high-energy basal diet had the lowest gizzard weight (P〈0.05). Chromium turnover time (minutes) in the each segment and entire GI tract of chicks was not influenced by the high fiber diet or cellulase.