Animal Bioscience

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of extrusion on available energy and amino acid digestibility of barley, wheat, sorghum, and broken rice in growing pigs

  • Ge Zhang (State Key laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Gang Zhang (State Key laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Jinbiao Zhao (State Key laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Ling Liu (State Key laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University) ;
  • Zeyu Zhang (State Key laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University)
  • Received : 2023.08.02
  • Accepted : 2023.09.12
  • Published : 2024.06.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine available energy and nutritional digestibility of extruded cereals and the effect of extrusion on the nutritional value of feed ingredients, aiming to provide scientific basis for efficient application of extrusion in the diets of growing pigs. Methods: In Exp. 1, 48 crossbred growing pigs (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an initial body weight (BW) of 34.6±2.2 kg were selected and fed with eight diets (non-extrusion or extrusion) to determine the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and nutrients digestibility. Eight diets included extruded grains (barley, wheat, sorghum, or broken rice), while four had unprocessed grains. In Exp. 2, 9 diets were formulated including 4 cereals with extrusion or non-extrusion and a N-free diet. In addition, 9 growing pigs (BW = 22.3±2.8 kg) were fitted with T-cannula in the distal ileum and arranged in a 9×6 Youden square design. Results: Results show that apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy, dry matter, organic meal, ether extract, neutral and acid detergent fiber was not affected by the extrusion process and there was no interaction between cereal type and extrusion treatment on DE, ME. However, the apparent total tract digestibility for crude protein (CP) increased markedly (p<0.05). The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of all amino acids (AA) except for leucine remarkably increased by extrusion (p<0.05). There was an interaction on the SID of arginine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, cystine, and tyrosine in growing pigs between type of grain and extrusion treatment (p<0.05). Conclusion: Extrusion increased the ileal digestibility of CP and most AA in cereals, however, the DE and ME of cereals were not affected in growing pigs.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The study was completed at the FengNing Swine Research Unit of China Agricultural University (Chengdejiuyun Agricultural and Livestock Co., Ltd., Hebei, China), thank for their care of the experimental animals.

References

  1. Khalil MM, Abdollahi MR, Zaefarian F, Chrystal PV, Ravindran V. Apparent metabolizable energy of cereal grains for broiler chickens is influenced by age. Poult Sci 2021;100:101288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101288
  2. Parera N, Lazaro RP, Serrano MP, Valencia DG, Mateos GG. Influence of the inclusion of cooked cereals and pea starch in diets based on soy or pea protein concentrate on nutrient digestibility and performance of young pigs. J Anim Sci 2013;88:671-9. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2202
  3. Mathews CJ, MacLeod RJ, Zheng SX, Hanrahan JW, Bennett HPJ, Hamilton JR. Characterization of the inhibitory effect of boiled rice on intestinal chloride secretion in guinea pig crypt cells. Gastroenterology 1999;116:1342-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70498-1
  4. Hartman PA, Hays VW, Baker RO, Neagle LH, Catron DV. Digestive enzyme development in the young pig. J Anim Sci 1961;20:114-23. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1961.201114x
  5. Camire ME, Camire A, Krumhar K. Chemical and nutritional changes in foods during extrusion. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1990;29:35-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408399009527513
  6. Sauer WC, Mosenthin R, Pierce AB. The utilization of pelleted, extruded, and extruded and repelleted diets by early weaned pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1990;31:269-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(90)90131-q
  7. White GA, Doucet FJ, Hill SE, Wiseman J. Physicochemical changes to starch granules during micronisation and extrusion processing of wheat, and their implications for starch digestibility in the newly weaned piglet. Animal 2008;2:1312-23. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1751731108002553
  8. Rodrigues EA, Badiola I, Francesch M, Torrallardona D. Effect of cereal extrusion on performance, nutrient digestibility, and cecal fermentation in weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2016;94:298-302. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9745
  9. Noland PR, Campbell DR, Gage RK, Sharp RN, Johnson ZB. Evaluation of processed soybeans and grains in diets for young pigs. J Anim Sci 1976;43:763-9. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1976.434763x
  10. Herkelman KL, Rodhouse SL, Veum TL, Ellersieck MR. Effect of extrusion on the ileal and fecal digestibilities of lysine in yellow corn in diets for young pigs. J Anim Sci 1990;68:2414-24. https://doi.org/10.2527/1990.6882414x
  11. Zhuo Y, Huang Y, He J, et al. Effects of corn and broken rice extrusion on the feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and gut microbiota of weaned piglets. Animals 2022;12:818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12070818
  12. Cho WT, Kim YG, Kim JD, Chae BJ, Han IK. Effects of feeding extruded corn and wheat grain on growth performance and digestibility of amino acids in early-weaned pigs. Asian- Australas J Anim Sci 2001;14:224-30. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2001.224
  13. Lundblad KK, Issa S, Hancock JD, et al. Effects of steam conditioning at low and high temperature, expander conditioning and extruder processing prior to pelleting on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in nursery pigs and broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011;169:208-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.06.008
  14. Hao Y, Li D, Piao X, Piao X. Forsythia suspensa extract alleviates hypersensitivity induced by soybean betaconglycinin in weaned piglets. J Ethnopharmacol 2010;128:412-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.035
  15. Salazar-Villanea S, Bruininx EMAM, Gruppen H, et al. Physical and chemical changes of rapeseed meal proteins during toasting and their effects on in vitro digestibility. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016;7:62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-016-0120-x
  16. Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Swine NRC. Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th ed. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press; 2012.
  17. Stein HH, Shipley CF, Easter RA. Technical note: A technique for inserting a T-cannula into the distal ileum of pregnant sows. J Anim Sci 1998;76:1433-6. https://doi.org/10.2527/1998.7651433x
  18. Adeola O. Digestion and balance techniques in pigs. In: Lewis J, Southern LL, editor. Swine nutrition. Washington, DC, USA: CRC Press; 2000. p. 903-16.
  19. Kim BG, Liu Y, Stein HH. Effects of collection time on flow of chromium and dry matter and on basal ileal endogenous losses of amino acids in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2016;94:4196-204. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-0248
  20. Huang BB, Wang L, Wang L, et al. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021;280:115067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115067
  21. Vansoest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci 1991;74:3583-97. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
  22. AOAC International. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 18th ed. Gaithersburg, MD, USA: AOAC International; 2006.
  23. Stein HH, Seve B, Fuller MF, Moughan PJ, de Lange CFM. Invited review: Amino acid bioavailability and digestibility in pig feed ingredients: Terminology and application. J Anim Sci 2007;85:172-80. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2005-742
  24. SAS. Statistical Analysis System. 9.2 ed. Cary, NC, USA: SAS Inst; 2012.
  25. Rodriguez DA, Lee SA, Jones CK, Htoo JK, Stein HH. Digestibility of amino acids, fiber, and energy by growing pigs, and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in yellow dent corn, hard red winter wheat, and sorghum may be influenced by extrusion. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020;268:114602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114602
  26. Zhang Z, Zhang G, Zhang S, Zhao J. Effects of extrusion on energy contents and amino acid digestibility of corn ddgs and full-fat rice bran in growing pigs. Animals 2022;12:579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12050579
  27. Jha R, Berrocoso JD. Review: Dietary fiber utilization and its effects on physiological functions and gut health of swine. Animal 2015;9:1441-52. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1751731115000919
  28. Amornthewaphat N, Attamangkune S. Extrusion and animal performance effects of extruded maize quality on digestibility and growth performance in rats and nursery pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008;144:292-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.10.008
  29. Zhang M, Bai X, Zhang Z. Extrusion process improves the functionality of soluble dietary fiber in oat bran. J Cereal Sci 2011;54:98-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2011.04.001
  30. Jaworski NW, Liu DW, Li DF, Stein HH. Wheat bran reduces concentrations of digestible, metabolizable, and net energy in diets fed to pigs, but energy values in wheat bran determined by the difference procedure are not different from values estimated from a linear regression procedure. J Anim Sci 2016;94:3012-21. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2016-0352
  31. Fontaine J, Zimmer U, Moughan PJ, Rutherfurd SM. Effect of heat damage in an autoclave on the reactive lysine contents of soy products and corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Use of the results to check on lysine damage in common qualities of these ingredients. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:10737-43. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf071747c
  32. Imbeah M, Sauer WC. The effect of dietary level of fat on amino acid digestibilities in soybean meal and canola meal and on rate of passage in growing pigs. Livest Prod Sci 1991;29:227-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(91)90068-2
  33. Li S, Sauer WC. The effect of dietary-fat content on aminoacid digestibility in young-pigs. J Anim Sci 1994;72:1737-43. https://doi.org/10.2527/1994.7271737x
  34. Adamu BOA. Resistant starch derived from extruded corn starch and guar gum as affected by acid and surfactants: Structural characterization. Starch-Starke 2001;53:582-91. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-379X(200111)53:11<582::AIDSTAR582>3.0.CO;2-G
  35. Pan L, Li W, Gu XM, Zhu WY. Comparative ileal digestibility of gross energy and amino acids in low and high tannin sorghum fed to growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022; 292:115419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115419
  36. Cervantes-Pahm SK, Liu Y, Stein HH. Comparative digestibility of energy and nutrients and fermentability of dietary fiber in eight cereal grains fed to pigs. J Sci Food Agric 2014;94:841-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6316
  37. Fasheun DO, de Oliveira RA, Bon EPS, da Silva AS, Teixeira RSS, Ferreira-Leitao VS. Dry extrusion pretreatment of cassava starch aided by sugarcane bagasse for improved starch saccharification. Carbohydr Polym 2022;285:119256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119256
  38. Muley NS, van Heugten E, Moeser AJ, Rausch KD, van Kempen TATG. Nutritional value for swine of extruded corn and corn fractions obtained after dry milling. J Anim Sci 2007;85:1695-701. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-127