• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 2011

This study was established to build and suggest the Ecological Performance Standards for replaced wetlands as the mitigation strategies for the construction projects. The request performance and assessment factors and standards were derived by bibliographic review and verified by the field survey for the reference wetlands. And the weights for each factor were derived by AHP(Analytical Hierarchy Process) method. The results are as follows : 1) Assessment factors were induced by in-depth research of many wetland assessment models and benchmarks evaluated ecological functions. This study proposed final 12 assessment factors through ecological specialist and experts interviews added with literature analysis. 2) 10 natural wetlands were selected as Reference Wetlands as the measure to propose assessment factors and assessment criteria. Those reference wetlands are well-conserved inland natural wetlands classified to the one having worthy to conserve (grade "high") according to RAM(Rapid Assessment Method). Reference wetlands chosen by the study are Parksilji, Jeongyangji, Mulkubi, Bawineupkubi, Jilnalneup, Jinchonneup, Doomoso, Haepyung wetland, Whangjeong wetland, and Whapo wetland. The research developed assessment criteria for the performance assessment factors based on several explorations of the reference wetlands. 3) "Requiring performance" of replaced wetlands is defined as "to carry out similar or same ecological functions provided by natural wetlands", in overall. The detailed requiring performances are as follows; ${\bullet}$ to play a role of wildlife habitats ${\bullet}$ to have biological diversity ${\bullet}$ to connect with other ecosystems ${\bullet}$ to provide water environment to perform good ecological functions 4) The assessment factors for required performance are categorized by wildlife habitat function, biological diversity, connectivity of adjacent ecosystem, and water environment. Wildlife habitat category is consisted of wildlife habitat creation, size of replacement wetland, and site suitability. Biological diversity category contains the number of plant species, the number of wildlife species, and number of protected species as the sub-factors. Connectivity of adjacent ecosystem is comprised of wildlife corridor, green network and distance from other ecosystem. Finally, water environment make up with water quality, depth of water body, and shape of waterfront. 5) Finally, every assessment factors were verified and weighted by the AHP methods and the final standards were proposed. The weights of factors of requiring performance suggested as habitat (0.280), connectivity (0.261), diversity (0.260), hydraulic environment (0.199). And those of detailed sub-factors are site suitability (0.118), protected species (0.096), distance to neighbor ecosystem (0.093), habitat creating (0.091), green corridor (0.090) etc.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.130-143
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• 2021

Wetlands are one of the most representative groundwater dependent ecosystems(GDEs) that require access to groundwater on a permanent or intermittent basis to maintain their biological communities and ecological processes. In this study, the seasonal characteristics of the GDEs in Baekseok Reservoir Wetland were evaluated through the monitoring of the temporal and spatial community of benthic macroinvertebrates in the wetland. The appearance of benthic macroinvertebrates appearance was changed seasonally depending on environmental factors such temperature, precipitation and water level for their habitat and it also showed the clear spatial difference in the wetland. The scores of Diversity index(H'), Richness Index (R1) and the Ecological score of benthic macroinvertebrates (TESB/AESB) were relatively high at St.3 and 4(i.e., north area) where groundwater inflows into wetland(i.e., high ²²²Rn conc.). The statistical analysis (ANOVA test and PCA) investigated the correlation among the benthic macroinvertebrates' community, groundwater level, wetland water level and water quality. The results showed that the community of benthic macroinvertebrates at St. 3 and 4 in Baekseok Reservoir Wetlands was spatially dependent on groundwater level and groundwater inflow. The characterization and assessment of GDEs requires understanding the hydrological, biogeochemical and biological process and this study will provide information for characterization and assessment of GDEs.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2024

This study was conducted to identify the community structure of two outstanding forest wetlands in Goheung-gun, Jeollanam-do, and to investigate their succession trends. vegetation survey was conducted using the Z-M phytosociological method From May to October, 2023, and based on this data, the Actual vegetation map was created by categorizing communities. This resulted in the classification of six communities. namely, Rhynchospora faberi community, Alnus japonica-Molinia japonica community, Ilex crenata-M. japonica community, M. japonica community, A. japonica-Pinus densiflora community and A. japonica community. The results of each layer's importance value (IV) analysis results indicated that in the R. faberi community, that of R. faberi, an obligate wetland plant, was high. In the subtree and shrub layers of the other five communities, A. japonica, a key species in wetland ecosystems, and Pinus densiflora and I. crenata, both obligate upland plants, exhibited higher IV. In the herb layer, the IV of M. japonica, a representative species of intermediate wetlands, was notably high. The results of classifying all observed plant species in the survey area based on their wetland preference revealed that in the R. faberi community, the occurrence rate of obligate wetland plants was high. However, in the other five communities, the occurrence rate of obligate upland plants was predominantly observed. Excluding the R. faberi community, in the other five communities constituting the outstanding forest wetlands, the occurrence rate of upland plants among the forest plants was high. It was observed that M. japonica which typically appears during the transition of wetlands to drier stages, was flourishing, indicating that the wetland was undergoing vegetation succession and terrestrialization.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.120-132
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• 2021

The ecosystem and landscape conservation areas of Seoul were designated according to the Natural Environment Conservation Act and the Natural Environment Conservation Ordinance. With the adoption of the "Rapid Assessment of Wetland Ecosystem Service (RAWES)" approach and the "wetland ecosystem service" for the Ramsar Wetland City Accreditation at the 13th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in 2018, the need for data evaluating wetland ecosystem services has become a necessity. Therefore, in this study, we selected five wetlands from the ecosystem and landscape conservation areas in Seoul, having high ecological conservation values, and evaluated their carbon sequestration and economic value assessment using the InVEST model, which is an ecosystem service evaluation technique. The evaluation results for carbon storage in each wetland are as follows: Tancheon Wetland: 3,674.62 Mg; Bamseom Island in the Hangang River: 1,511.57 Mg; Godeok-dong Wetland: 5,007.21 Mg; Amsa-dong Wetland: 7,108.47 Mg; and Yeouido Wetland: 290.27 Mg. Particularly, the Tancheon Wetland showed the lowest carbon sequestration of 1,130.37 Mg, as compared to the results acquired in 2013, of 4,804.99 Mg. When the average effective carbon rate of $16.06 (US) was applied to the decreased carbon sequestration value, a loss of $15,910.58(US) was calculated. Furthermore, if the average social cost of carbon ($204 (US)) is considered, which includes the impact of climate change on productivity and ecosystems, the total loss is equivalent to $202,101.97 (US). This study aims to examine the natural resource value of urban wetlands by evaluating selected major wetlands in Seoul. This study can be utilized as basic data to plan for the protection and management of the ecosystem and landscape conservation areas. Additionally, because wetland value assessment is considered essential, the results of this study can be used in future research to provide measures for evaluating ecosystem services in the Ramsar Wetland City Certification System. Moreover, this study can be utilized for selecting important wetlands as Ramsar sites, and to raise awareness about the significance of conserving urban wetlands, and for expanding international exchange among the Ramsar Wetland sites.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.1-16
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to develop design model of ecological park as stormwater storage facilities. The results are as follows : First, the design model of ecological park as stormwater storage facilities consider ecological and landscape characteristics such as high efficiency of land use, function as disaster prevention, ecological water purification, formation of habitat for flora and fauna. Second, this study demonstrates two types of plane structure and eight types of designed section. They can be combined and designed depending on conditions of each site. The facilities of stormwater storage conduct disaster prevention system and ecological park. Retention pond in stormwater storage facilities for ecological park also should be made for ecological restoration in the site. Third, the ecological park provide the basis for ecological network from in-site to out-site. Therefore its conservation and restoration plan consider the ecosystems of the site. Fourth, the most important factor for maintenance and management for retention pond is keeping water quality. Sustainable Structured wetland Biotop system is suggested for ecological water purification system in the retention pond which is one of the constructed wetland system using multi-celled aquatic plant and pond. This system can also provide habitat for animals and plants, water friendly park for men, and beautiful landscape.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.1324-1331
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• 1999

The aim of this paper is to propose the preservation of buffaloes not only as productive livestock, but also as a part of the biodiversity of wetlands and especially of the Greek wetlands. The water buffalo used to be an integral part of the biodiversity of many Greek wetland ecosystems, enriched their landscape, and provided invaluable services and products to the rural people and to the economy in general. Its total population before the 1950s was over 100,000 animals. Presently, it is found only in four wetland sites in Macedonia and Thrace and in the estuaries of Rivers Gallikos and Axios, with a total population of a few hundred animals. These wetlands are Ramsar Sites. Even this small population is threatened with immediate extinction because of the rapidly changing rural socio-economic conditions and the expansion of cultivated fields into wet meadows. Farmers and consumers are rapidly losing contact with this mammal and its products. This species possesses minimum requirements for treatment and is characterized by the ability of utilizing roughage of variable nutritional value. These factors are promising to render buffalo breeding a valuable branch of the Greek livestock sector, which can also contribute to the maintenance of the wetlands.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.13 no.2 s.33
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• pp.167-183
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• 2005

Wetlands are a transitional zone between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and a habit for the various biospheres. The main purpose of this study is to suggest a new technique that establishes the management districts of inland wetlands. To establish management districts of sub-watershed units, this study used the BurnDEM techniques. The management district resulted form this study are assessed its effectivity using an overlap of inland wetland map and sub-watershed maps classified by 18 sub-watershed. The result of this study could be applied to build a national inland wetland database.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2021

This study was carried out to propose the functional assessment and a wise use strategy on the ecologically valuable 'village wetlands' distributed in living area in Geumsan gun, Chungnam province, Korea. The targets of the functional evaluation were 24 wetlands, selected from 123 village wetlands, where villages and agricultural lands or core ecosystems are located within living area near the wetland and wetlands with historical and cultural significance. The functional evaluation was carried out by RAM (Rapid Assessment Model) and the conservation strategies were suggested. As a result of the functional evaluation, 9 wetlands were rated 'high' (2 'absolute conservation' and 7 'conservation' strategies), 14 wetlands were rated 'medium' ('enhancement' strategies), and one wetland was rated 'low' ('restore or enhancement' strategy). In consideration of the results of the functional evaluation, interviews with village residents, and historic meaning, 6 important village wetlands were selected that require additional management strategies, such as conservation, enhancement, and restoration. 2 wetlands were from "absolute conservation" strategy and 4 wetlands derived from "conservation" and "enhancement" strategy wetlands in consideration of the ecological connectivity of wetlands, the use of surrounding land, and the function as a biological habitat. The wise use and conservation strategy was specifically proposed respectively.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.209-218
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• 2003

Ecosystems in the Keweenaw Peninsula region of Lake Superior, USA, were disturbed by over 500 million tons of copper-rich mine tailings during the period 1850-1968. Metals leaching from these mine residues have had dramatic effects on the ecosystems. Vast acreages of exposed tailings that are over 100 years old remain unvegetated because of the combination of metal toxicity, absence of nutrients, and temperature and water stress. Therefore, it is important to characterize and fractionate solid copper phases for assessing labile forms of copper in soils and sediments contaminated by the mining wastes. X-ray diffraction analyses indicate that calcite, quartz, hematite, orthoclase, and sanidine minerals are present as major minerals, whereas cuprite,tenorite, malachite, and chalcopyrite might be present as copper minerals in the mining wastes. Sequential extraction technique revealed that carbonate and oxide fractions were the largest pools of copper (ca. 50-80%) in lakeshore and wetland stamp sands whereas the organic matter fraction was the largest reservoir (ca. 32%) in the lake sediments. The concentrations of iron and copper were inversely correlated in the oxide fraction suggesting that copper may occur as a surface coating on iron oxides. As particle size and water contents decrease, the percent of the copper bound to the labile carbonate fraction increases.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.103-110
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• 2023

Invasive species are organisms that are introduced into places outside of their natural distribution range. The global pet trade is facilitating the introduction of invasive species into new countries and areas. Among the introduced alien species, turtles are one of the most common animal groups whether lives in wetland ecosystems, such as wetlands or reservoirs. Like other countries around the world, exotic turtles is becoming a growing concern for the wetland ecosystem in South Korea. In this study, we report new reports of subspecies of Painted turtle (Chrysemysspp.): Chrysemys picta marginata, C. p. bellii and C. dorsalis, from the reservoirs in downtown Cheongju and Gwangju, South Korea. We used morphological features, such as the characteristics of the legs, plastron, and carapace, to identify the turtles. It is assumed that all turtles were artificially released into nature. Considering the increasing number of reports on the introduction of alien invasive turtles in Korean wetlands, we recommend the formulation of an immediate and systematic management plan for pet trades and organized continuous monitoring programs.