Research trends in outdoor pig production - A review
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- Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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- 제30권9호
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- pp.1207-1214
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- 2017
Since the industrialization of swine production in the late 1900s, swine farms in the United States, as well as in Europe, have largely become consolidated. Pig farms became larger in size but fewer in number, with 91% of market pigs being produced by large operations with 5,000 or more pigs on-site in the US, and only 3% of the total utilized agricultural land representing organic farming. Such change in the market made it difficult for small farmers to stay competitive, forcing them to find alternative ways to reduce the cost of production and increase profit using the outdoor production system. In contrast to the indoor confinement system, outdoor production system uses pasture-based units and/or deep-bedded hoop structures that promote animal welfare and environmental sustainability with a lower capital investment. In accord with the growing concern for animal and environmental welfare and food safety by the consumers, small farmers practicing an outdoor production system are seeing increased opportunities for marketing their products in the pork niche market. Unlike the general belief that the reproductive and growth performance measures of the outdoor sows and piglets are poorer in comparison with the animals reared indoors, studies showed that there was no significant difference in the performance measures, and some traits were even better in outdoor animals. Improved reproductive and production traits can increase the sustainability of outdoor farming. Present study reviewed the recent studies comparing the performance measures, meat quality and health of indoor and outdoor animals, as well as the efforts to improve the outdoor production system through changes in management such as hut types and breed of animals.
The definitions of organic farming method has rather philosophical meaning than application of agricultural practices. The meaning of organic farming method has certainly basic differences in comparison with the conventional farming methods. The main definitions of organec farming method have certainly to reduce or not to apply any kinds of farm inputs materials by increasing quality of agricultural prod-ucts. However, the quality of produced food by organic farming method should be improved in compari-son with cinvethional farming method. By applying organic method, the qualith of food, envir-onment as well as spiritual attitude of human being should be improved in future. Actually, there are very wide fields of research on organic farming methods such as production tech-niques, soil and water conservation, plant and animal production, marketing and consumers behavior on organic products. In this article the present situation of organic farming methods in the United States of Americal is investigated in cimparison with conventional rice production. The production cost of rice per acre in the United States of America mde 58, 788 Won in 1986, while it was 121, 699 Won in Korea having about 107 percent higher in Korea than tham the U.S.A There is a larger rice farm cost analysis between conventional and organic rice farm in California. The cash cost pre 1 lbs of conventional rice made 4.86 $, while the organic rice was 6.96$ showing about 43.2%higher level of cost in organic products(1 lbs=0.45359kg) At present, there is less econmic advantage of organic rice production in California because of lower yields as well as price levels, Therefore, the total net return over cash cost peracer/yeat was a little lower in organic rice production than conventional rice prouction.
Compulsive consumption is regarded as a global phenomenon that can adversely affect consumer well-being. Although the topic has been studied in different cultural settings, we have seen relatively little theory development and explanations of compulsive behavior Nearly all previous empirical studies attempt to explain this behavior by correlating measures of compulsive behavior with independent variables taken within the same time frame. However, recent developments in social sciences suggest that such a phenomenon may best understood in the context of the person's earlier-in-life experiences. Using the life course paradigm as an overarching framework, the present research extends previous work on this topic. Following hypotheses were drawn from literature review: H1: The earlier in childhood and adolescence a person experiences family dislocation, the greater his or her likelihood of exhibiting compulsive behaviors in adulthood. H2: The earlier in life the young person experienced family dislocation, the greater the number of family disruption events the young person experienced prior entering adulthood years. H3: Family dislocation leads to (a) increased frequency of socio.oriented family communications and (b) decreased frequency of concept-oriented family communication. H4: Young adults who were raised in families characterized by a strong socio-oriented communication structure are more likely to exhibit compulsive consumption tendencies than those who were raised in families characterized by a weak socio-oriented family communication structure. H5: Young adults who were raised in families characterized by a strong concept-oriented communication structure are less likely to exhibit compulsive consumption tendencies than those who were raised in families characterized by a week concept-oriented family communication structure. H6: The relationship between family disruption events experienced during adolescence and perceived stressfulness of these events is moderated by (a) global family support, (b) emotional family support, and (c) material family support. Those reporting higher levels of family support as teenagers are less likely to report experiencing stress due to family disruption events. H7: Perceived stressfulness of family disruption events experienced during adolescent years are associated with compulsive consumption tendencies in early adulthood. H8: The greater the number of family disruption events young adults experienced during their adolescent years the more frequent was their communication about consumption with their peers. H9: The more frequent was the young persons' communication with their peers about consumption during their adolescent years, the more likely they are to report compulsive buying tendencies as young adults. We use a sample of 120 Thai undergraduate students attending classes taught in English as part of a four-year international program. Product-moment correlations, hierarchical regression analysis and partial correlation were used to analyze data. Results of testing hypotheses showed that hypothesis 2, 4, 7 and 9 were supported and hypothesis 1, 3, 5, 6 and 8 were not supported. Our study did not find a significant relationship between the age when a person experienced family dislocation and their compulsive behavior tendencies expressed as young adults. We did not find a significant relationship between family dislocation and family communication structures. But we found a significant positive relationship between socio-oriented communication structure and compulsive buying and a significant relationship between our peer communication and compulsive buying measures. Also we found perceived stressfulness due to the disruptive events to have a significant positive relationship between the perceived stressfulness and compulsive buying. Implications from these findings, limitations of this research and future research suggestions were discussed.
창업의 중요성이 강조되고 있으나 창업기업이 지속하여 생존하는 것은 쉬운 일이 아니다. 따라서 창업기업의 창업만족도를 강화하고 생존율을 제고할 수 있는 방안 마련이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 창업기업의 창업동기, 창업역량, 창업열정이 창업만족도에 미치는 영향과 일반창업기업 및 스타트업의 창업형태에 따른 조절효과에 대해 고찰하였다. 창업동기는 자아실현동기와 친사회적동기로 구분하였다. 창업역량은 마케팅역량과 경험역량으로 구분하였다. 창업열정은 조화열정과 강박열정으로 구분하였다. 온라인과 오프라인으로 창업후 7년 이내 일반창업기업과 스타트업 기업의 경영자 361명으로부터 설문을 받아 실증분석을 진행하였다. 그 결과 자아실현동기, 친사회적동기, 마케팅역량, 경험역량, 조화열정은 창업만족도에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 그러나 강박열정은 유의한 영향을 미치치 못하였다. 또한 창업만족도에 미치는 영향력의 크기는 조화열정, 마케팅역량, 자아실현동기, 친사회적동기, 경험역량의 순서로 나타났다. 일반창업기업과 스타트업의 창업형태에 따른 조절효과는 친사회적동기, 경험역량, 조화열정에서 나타났다. 그러나 자아실현동기, 마케팅역량, 강박열정과 창업만족도간 조절효과의 유의성은 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구는 조화열정과 마케팅역량이 창업만족도 제고에 중요한 요인이라는 학술점 시사점을 제시하였다. 또한, 창업기업 사업주체의 심리적 안정성 지원 프로그램, 전문가를 통한 창업역량 강화 및 자아실현동기와 친사회적 동기를 함양할 수 있는 창업교육 프로그램 강화 등이 필요하다는 실무적, 정책적 시사점을 제시하였다.
본 연구는 Sheth and Parvatiyar(1995)가 제시한 관계형 시장 행동의 가정과 정의에 대한 Bagozzi(1995), Peterson(1995)의 논평에 기초해 관계 마케팅 방식으로서 로열티 프로그램이 고객 참여와 소비자-브랜드 관계에 기초한 관계형 시장 행동에 미치는 영향을 실증해 보았다. 다음과 같이 연구 결과와 시사점을 정리한다. 첫째, 로열티 프로그램의 관계적 성과를 검증한 결과, 로열티 프로그램이 고객의 참여, 소비자-브랜드 관계, 관계형 시장 행동에 미치는 긍정적 효과를 실증하였다. 선행 연구에서의 주장과 일치하는 이러한 결과는 소비자와 기업이 마케팅 관계에 참여하려는 의지와 능력은 더 높은 마케팅 생산성을 낳는다는 Sheth and Parvatiyar(1995)의 제안 명제를 확인시켜 주고 있다. 둘째, 소비자-브랜드 관계의 매개효과 그리고 소비자-브랜드 관계의 구성 변수와 관계형 시장 행동의 구성 변수간 영향을 미치는 개별적인 인과 관계에 대해 일관된 결과를 보이지 않고 있다는 주장(Palmatier, Dant, Grewal and Evans, 2006)에 따라 다중 회귀분석으로 추가 분석을 실시한 결과, 소비자-브랜드 관계의 질적 특성을 이루는 여섯 개 항목들이 개별적으로 관계형 시장 행동에 영향을 미치는 회귀 모델의 설명력이 더 높다는 Breivik and Thorbjornsen(2008)의 연구결과를 지지하는 결과를 얻었다. 셋째, 고객의 참여를 활성화시킬 때 소비자-브랜드 관계 및 관계형 시장 행동이라는 관계 성과가 나타난다는 시사점을 제시하였다. 이는 관계 마케팅 활동과 고객 참여를 증가시키려는 노력이 소비자와의 관계 유지와 성과에 중요하다는 선행 연구의 주장 (Bitner, 1995, Fournier, 1994 ; Sheth and Parvatiyar, 1995)에서 뒷받침된다.
Franchising is one of the fastest growing types of business. It is already popular and well-known in the U.S., and has been growing in many other countries including Korea. Furthermore, many Korean franchising companies have expanded their business overseas actively. According to the data by the Ministry of Industry and Resource, 82 companies out of a sample of 500 franchising companies are already operating in many foreign countries and 48% of them have started their foreign business since 2006. This clearly indicates the fast growing current trend of foreign operation by Korean franchising companies. In spite of the fast growing trend of foreign expansion in the industry, academic research on internationalization of franchising companies is extremely difficult to find. Accordingly, academic research on the issue is necessary and urgent in Korea. Among the various research questions on internationalization of franchising business, this study intends to investigate the difference in organizational factors between the franchising companies doing foreign operation and those doing business only domestically. More specifically, this research has the following purposes. First, considering the lack of theoretical basis of previous studies, resource-based theory and agency theory are employed as the theoretical bases. Second, this study explains the difference in internationalization based on organizational factors such as company size, history and growth rate. Third, the five hypotheses regarding the difference in organizational factors are presented and tested empirically, which is the first attempt in the area of this topic. Finally, the study attempts to clarify the conflicting implications among theories regarding some organizational factos such as growth rate. As the theoretical background, resource-based theory and agency theory are discussed. According to resource-based theory, a firm can grow continuously when it has competence and resource, and also the ability to develop them. The competence and resource can include capital, human resource, management skill, market information, ability to manage risk, etc. Meanwhile, agency theory views the relationship between franchisor and franchisee as an agency relationship. In agency theory, bonding capability and monitoring capability are the two key factors which promote internationalization of franchising companies. Based on the two theories, a conceptual model is designed. The model consists of two groups of variables. One is organizational factors including size, history, growth rate, price bonding and geographic dispersion. The other is whether a franchising company is operating overseas or not. We developed the following five research hypotheses basically describing the relationship between organizational factors and internationalization of franchising companies. H1: The size of franchising companies operating overseas is larger than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H2: The history of franchising companies operating overseas is longer than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H3: The growth rate of franchising companies operating overseas is higher than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H4: The price bonding of franchising companies operating overseas is higher than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H5: The geographic dispersion of franchising companies operating overseas is wider than that of franchising companies operating domestically. Data for the analyses are obtained from 2005 Korea Franchise Survey data co-generated by Ministry of Industry and Resource, GS1 Korea, and Korea Franchise Association. Out of 2,804 population companies, 2,489 companies are excluded for various reasons and 315 companies are selected as the final sample. Prior to hypotheses tests, validity and reliability of the measures of size, history, growth rate and price bonding are examined for further analyses. Geographic dispersion is not validated since it is measured using nominal data. A series of independent sample T-tests is used to find out whether there exists any significant difference between the companies internationalized and those operating only domestically for each organizational factor. Among the five factors, size and geographic dispersion show significant difference, growth rate and price bonding do not reveal any difference and, finally, history factor shows conflicting results in the difference depending on how to measure it.