• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.18
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• pp.209-216
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• 1998

Some mechanical properties of the submerged arc-welded(SAW) zone between different kinds of metal (SS400+SB450) are investigated and compared with that between same kinds of metal (SS400+SS400 and SB450+SB450). The analysis of the chemical components and observation of the micro-structure by SEM of the weld zone are also carried out. And the effect of the stress relief annealing is examined by comparing tensile strength, elongation, toughness add hardness of SAW specimens before and after the heat treatment.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.39-47
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• 1997

Recently developed TMCP steels, which were manufactured by controlled rolling followed by accelerated cooling process, were examined to study their characteristics and weldability. Accelerated cooling type TMCP steel's hardness test result exhibited high value on weld zone. On the contrary, base metal and HAZ exhibited comparatively the similar value. On this experiment result Softening of HAZ is not occurred. in the-heat affected zone, grain size repression be caused by chemical composition properties which a small quantity Al-Ti-B-N. Changing stress ratio near-threshold fatigue crack propagation experiments were carried out. According to this result, crack propagation velocity of the HAZ exhibited slower than the base metal and near-threshold value had increased at the HAZ. Finally accelerated cooling type TMCP steels were exhibited excellent mechanical properties in both strength and toughness.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.476-479
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• 2011

티타늄 합금은 높은 내부식성, 우수한 피로 수명과 무게비에 비해 높은 강도를 가진다는 우수성으로 인해 항공기 부품과 화학 공업 분야등에 다양하게 사용되고 있다. 이번 연구에서는 Ti-3Al-2.5V 합금 TIG 용접부에 대하여 용접부 인성과 기계적 성질에 영향을 주는 가장 중요한 인자인 용접 입열에 대한 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 이에 입열조건에 대한 용접부에 대한 강도, 충격 인성과 노치 인성을 평가하였으며 적정 입열 조건에서 강도와 인성이 우수한 용접부를 얻을 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.503-510
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• 2012

High performance, high strength steels were developed and used in steel structures recently. Since the newly developed high strength steels posses different toughness, weldability, yield strength ratio, etc. in compare with conventional structural steels, it is requred to investigate the applicability of the design strength of fillet weld specified in the existing design codes. The comparison of the design strengths of various codes from domestic and overseas shows quite a difference. Test results for fillet weld strengths were collected and statistically analysed. Each of yield strength, tensile strength of parent material and tensile strength of weld metal was selected as a main parameter for each estimation equation respectively. All the estimation equations yield almost same values for each type of steel regardless the type of main parameter selected. Considering the behaviour of fillet welded joints and for practical purposes, it is proposed that the equation with tensile strength of parent material is to be used in design codes. The comparison with the proposed nominal strengths of fillet welds shows that the existing design codes could lead to an uneconomical result for low strength steels and lie on an unsafe side for high strength steels.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.122-128
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• 2005

A feasibility study on the application of self?shielded flux cored arc welding to the on-site SM520 steel bridge box fabrication for express trains and high way construction instead of gas-shield flux cored arc welding was conducted in terms of weld soundness, mechanical properties, toughness and microstructures. All welded specimens made with the self?shielded FCAW process were tested by magnetic particle and ultrasonic techniques and they were found to be sound. All multipass weld specimens made with both self-shielded and gas-shielded FCAW processes showed yield and tensile strengths of $462{\sim}549\;MPa$ and $548{\sim}640\;MPa$, respectively. The impact values of Charpy V-Notch weld specimens also met with the required value of 40J at $-20^{\circ}C$. The hardness values of the top area of weldments were higher than those of the bottom area because of higher residual stresses in the near surface. It was found that welding characteristics of SM520 steel by the on-site welding conditions with self-shielded FCAW showed almost equivalent to those by gas-shielded FCAW in terms of sound welds, mechanical properties and microstructure.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.49 no.8
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• pp.628-634
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• 2011

SA508 Gr.4N Ni-Cr-Mo low alloy steel, in which Ni and Cr contents are higher than in commercial SA508 Gr.3 Mn-Mo-Ni low alloy steels, may be a candidate reactor pressure vessel (RPV) material with higher strength and toughness from its tempered martensitic microstructure. The inner surface of the RPV is weld-cladded with stainless steels to prevent corrosion. The goal of this study is to evaluate the microstructural properties of the clad interface between Ni-Cr-Mo low alloy steel and stainless weldment, and the effects of post weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the properties. The properties of the clad interface were compared with those of commercial Mn-Mo-Ni low alloy steel. Multi-layer welding of model alloys with ER308L and ER309L stainless steel by the SAW method was performed, and then PWHT was conducted at $610^{\circ}C$ for 30 h. The microstructural changes of the clad interface were analyzed using OM, SEM and TEM, and micro-Vickers hardness tests were performed. Before PWHT, the heat affected zone (HAZ) showed higher hardness than base and weld metals due to formation of martensite after welding in both steels. In addition, the hardness of the HAZ in Ni-Cr-Mo low alloy steel was higher than that in Mn-Mo-Ni low alloy steel due to a comparatively high martensite fraction. The hardness of the HAZ decreased after PWHT in both steels, but the dark region was formed near the fusion line in which the hardness was locally high. In the case of Mn-Mo-Ni low alloy steel, formation of fine Cr-carbides in the weld region near the fusion line by diffusion of C from the base metal resulted in locally high hardness in the dark region. However, the precipitates of the region in the Ni-Cr-Mo low alloy steel were similar to that in the base metal, and the hardness in the region was not greatly different from that in the base metal.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.38-48
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• 1993

A study on friction welding of stainless steel bar(SUS431) to chrome molybdenum steel bar(SCM21) was accomplished experimentally through analysis for relations among friction welding conditions, tension test, hardness test, microstructure test and acoustic emission test. The results obtained are summarized as follows ; 1. Through friction welding of SUS431 bar to SCM21 bar, the optimum welding condition by considering on strength and toughness was found to be the range of heating time of 3-5 sec when the number of rotating speed of 2000rpm, heating pressure of 10kg/$mm^2$, and upsetting time of 4 sec. 2. Quantitative ralationship was identified between heating time($T_1$, sec) and tensile strength (${\sigma},\;kgf/mm^2$) of the friction welded joint and the relation equation is $\sigma$=52.62$T_1{^{0.06}}$. 3. Through AE test, quantitative relationship was confirmed between heating time($T_1$, sec) and total AE(N, counts) during welding, and the relation is computed as follows ; N=30413.6$e^{0.06T1}$. 4. It was confirmed that the quantitative ralationship exists between the tensile strength of the welded joints and AE cumulative counts. And the relation is computed as the following ; ${\sigma}$=16.37(ln N)- 116.4. 5. When ONZ=36500-41500 counts by $OT_1Z$=3~5sec, it was identified by experiment that the range of welded joint tensile strength is 55.6-57.7kgf/$mm^2$/ whose joint efficiency is more than 100%, and it was experimentally confirmed that the real-time nondestructive quality(strength) evaluation for the friction welded joints could be possible by acoustic emission technique.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.30-30
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• 2010

고강도강의 용접성은 저온균열 저항성으로 대변되는데, TMCP강과 HSLA강 등이 개발되면서 고강도강의 저온균열저항성이 크게 향상되어 무예열 용접성이 확보되었다. 그러나 용접재료 측면에서는 그에 상응하는 재료의 개발이 지연되어 강재 개발로 인한 우수한 성능을 충분히 발휘하지 못하고 있으며 용접부의 건전성 문제가 심각하게 인식되고 있다. 이로 인해 고강도강에 적용시킬 수 있는 무예열 용접재료의 필요성이 대두되어 개발이 진행되고 있으며 상용화를 앞두고 있다. 이러한 용접재료의 개발단계에서 합금설계는 가장 중요한 항목으로 합금 조성에 따라 용착금속의 강도 및 인성에 상당한 변화를 가져오기 때문이다. 합금원소 중 Al은 강재의 탈산을 돕기 때문에 가능한 많은 양의 첨가를 요구하지만 적정량 이상을 초과하게 되면 오히려 용착금속의 저온인성 특성에 부정적인 영향을 미치게 된다. 본 연구에서는 고강도 GMA 용착금속의 Al함량을 단계적으로 변화시켜 용착금속 내 최적의 Al의 함량을 찾고자 하였다. 또한 높은 비용 및 많은 시간을 필요로 하는 와이어로드를 제작하지 않고도 Al함량을 조절 할 수 있는 방법을 고안하고자 하였다. 실험의 모재는 HSLA-100강을 사용하였으며 용접재료는 ER120S-G급의 GMA용접 재료를 사용하였다. 모재 성분과의 희석을 방지하기 위해 V-Groove 가공 후 6패스 Buttering 용접을 실시하였고, 다시 Buttering용접부에 V-Groove 가공을 하여 최종 용접을 실시하였다. 이 때 Al함량을 조절하기 위해 최종 용접 개선부 밑면에 홈을 판 후 Al fiber(직경 0.3mm)를 깔고 용접(입열량 20kJ/cm)하여 Al함유량을 총 3가지(0.003~0.04% Al)로 제어하였다. 용접 후 각각의 시편에 대해 미세조직, 충격시험, O/N분석, 성분분석 등의 시험을 수행하여 저온인성과의 상관관계를 알아보았다.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.18-18
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• 2010

최근에 건조되는 선박이나 구조물들은 점차 대형화 되어가고, 이에 사용되는 판재들은 점차 고강도 극후판재화 되어가고 있다. 극후판재의 용접성을 향상시키기 위해서는 대입열 용접이 주로 적용되고 있는 실정인데, 30 mmt 이상의 후판을 1 pass로 용접하기 위해서는 EGW(Electro-gas welding) 기법을 사용한다. 대입열 용접은 용접입열(heat input)이 매우 높아 용착금속과 열영향부의 냉각속도가 매우 느려 용접열영향부에서 특히 fusion line 근처의 열영향부는 결정립 조대화 및 취약한 미세조직을 형성함으로서 저온인성을 크게 저하시키고, 연화 현상(softening effect)을 발생시켜 강도가 저하되는 문제점이 주로 발생하였다. 하지만 이런 문제점을 해결하기 위해 대입열용접에 사용된는 강재의 미세조직을 제어하여 AlN, TiN, $TiO_2$ 등의 석출물을 이용한 용접열영향부의 저온인성을 향상시켰다. 이러한 문제점이 발생하는 대입열용접에서 저온인성 시험은 주로 fuison line + 1, 2mm에서 수행한다. 하지만 대입열 용접시 용착금속의 냉각속도도 매우 느리기 때문에 용착금속의 위치에 따라 저온 인성 특성이 다르게 나타날 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 EGW 용착금속의 위치에 따른 저온인성 특성을 평가하기 위해 EH-36N, 40mmt 판재를 사용하여 1pole EG 용접 하였다. 용착금속의 저온인성 특성을 평가하기위해 충격 시편의 노치 위치가 fusion line - 2mm와 용접부 중앙을 기준으로 4곳을 선정하여 충격시험을 수행하였다. 또한 용착금속의 경도 분포를 알아보기 위해 micro vickers hardness tester(mitutoyo UR-501)을 사용해 hardness mapping 시험을 하였다. 용착금속의 저온인성은 미세조직과, 산소량에 따라 변화 할 수 있기 때문에 용착금속 위치를 달리하여 미세조직과 산소량도 각각 분석하였다. 용착금속의 저온인성을 향상시킬 수 있는 침상형페라이트와 비금속개재물의 상관관계에 관해 검토 하였다.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 2019

In the current steel structures of high-rise buildings, high heat input welding techniques are used to improve productivity in the construction industry. Under the high heat input welding, however, the microstructures of the weld metal (WM) and heat-affected zone (HAZ) coarsen, resulting in the deterioration of impact toughness. This study focuses mainly on the effects of fine TiN precipitates dispersed in steel plates and B addition in welding materials on grain refinement of the HAZ microstructure under submerged arc welding (SAW) with a high heat input of 200 kJ/cm. The study reveals that, different from that in conventional steel, the ${\gamma}$ grain coarsening is notably retarded in the coarse grain HAZ (CGHAZ) of a newly developed steel with TiN precipitates below 70 nm in size even under the high heat input welding, and the refinement of HAZ microstructure is confirmed to have improved impact toughness. Furthermore, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analyses demonstrate that B is was identified at the interface of TiN in CGHAZ. It is likely that B atoms in the WM are diffused to CGHAZ and are segregated at the outer part of undissolved TiN, which contributes partly to a further grain refinement, and consequently, improved mechanical properties are achieved.