• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.200-206
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• 2016

The 7-week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of one experimental diet (ED) and five different commercial diets (CDs) on growth and body composition of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. An ED was formulated to contain 50.0% crude protein (CP) from fishmeal, casein, zein and wheat flour and 15.0% crude lipid (CL) from squid liver oil. Five CDs for seawater fish were two domestic E commercial diet (DECD) and C commercial diet (DCCD), three imported H commercial diet (IHCD), M commercial diet (IMCD) and O commercial diet (IOCD) containing 53.1~58.0% CP and 4.8~12.7% CL, respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile olive flounder initially weighing $29.1{\pm}0.8g/fish\;(mean{\pm}SD)$ in a flow-through seawater system with a water temperature of $23.4{\sim}28.0^{\circ}C$. Weight gain (WG) was significantly greatest in fish fed the IMCD; intermediate responses were observed for fish fed the DECD, DCCD, and IOCD, while the IHCD and the ED produced the lowest WG values. Feed efficiencies (FE) were similar to WG excluding fish fed the DCCD; FE was also greatest in fish fed the DCCD. Survival with no significant difference approached 100% for fish fed the all six diets in this experiment. Whole-body crude protein and ash contents were not affected excluding moisture and crude lipid by the different type of diets. Therefore, type of diets appeared to be important factor in influencing WG, FE and whole-body moisture and crude lipid of juvenile olive flounder; the best diet for juvenile olive flounder was determined to be the imported commercial M diets containing intermediate protein (55.9%) and lipid (12.7%) in natural seawater based on highest WG, and FE, respectively. This study indicates that the one commercially formulated diet containing intermediate protein and lipid used in this experiment could be a practical diet for juvenile olive flounder; these differences in growth performance between ED and CDs may be due to different dietary protein and lipid levels.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.82-88
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• 2008

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of probiotics as a feed additive for juvenile Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegeli. Four experimental diets supplemented with no probiotic(Control), Bacillus polyfermenticus(BP), Bacillus licheniformis(BL) or Bacillus polyfermenticus plus Saccharomyces cerevisiae(BP+SC) at $1.0{\times}10^7$ CFU/kg diet as a dry-mater(DM) basis were prepared by mixing with a basal diet. After 12 weeks of the feeding trial, fish fed BP+SC diet showed significantly higher weight gain(WG), feed efficiency(FE), specific growth rate(SGR) and protein efficiency ratio(PER) than those of fish fed control diet(P<0.05), however there were no significant differences in WG, FE, SGR and PER among fish fed the BP, BL and BP+SC diets. Fish fed BP and BP+SC diets showed significantly higher condition factor(CF) than that of fish fed control and BL diets. Fish fed BP, BL, BP+SC diets showed significantly higher hepatosomatic index(HSI) than that of fish fed control diet, however there was no significant difference in HSI among fish fed BP, BL and BP+SC diets. Fish fed BP+SC diet showed significantly lower serum glucose than that of fish fed control diet, however there was no significant difference in serum glucose among fish fed BP, BL and BP+SC diets. Fish fed BP+SC diet showed significantly higher respiratory burst activity(NBT assay) than that of the fish fed control and BL diets, however there was no significant difference in NBT assay between fish fed BP and BP+SC diets. Fish fed BP and BL diets showed significantly higher lysozyme activity than that of the fish fed control diet, however there was no significant difference in lysozyme activity among fish fed BP, BL and BP+SC diets. Fish fed BP and BP+SC diets showed significantly lower cumulative mortality than that of the fish fed control diet, however there was no significant difference in cumulative mortality among fish fed BP, BL and BP+SC diets after the challenge test. From these results, dietary B. polyfermenticus, B. licheniformis and B. polyfermenticus plus S. cerevisiae supplementation in juvenile Korean rockfish diet could enhance growth performances, non-speicific immunities and a higher resistance against the specific pathogen.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.114-122
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• 1986

At present, the treatments of the radiation-induced diseases are only performing by the palliative treatment technique. Moreover, radiation protective agents are a little toxic for human being and this seriously limits their applicability with various complications in clinical uses. Accordingly, as a part of the aim of gain of the basic data for protective roles of some radioprotectors, the present investigation was carried out to evaluate the comparative radioprotective effects by the administration of DDC, MEA, WR-2721. Results are shown for statistically significant analysis and correlation with each group as follows; 1. The proper doses of the radioprotectors were DDC; 1,550 mg/kg, MEA; 450 mg/kg, WR-2721; 780 mg/kg of the mouse body weight. 2. DMF(Dose modification factor) of LD 50/10 and LD 50/30 for whole body irradiation was DDC; 1.2, MEA; 1.4, WR-2721; 1.9 and DDC; 1.7, MEA; 1.8, WR-2721; 2.5 respectively. 3. DMF for radiation reaction of jejunal crypt was DDC: 1.07, MEA: 1.21 and WR-2721: 1.76 and that of jejunal crypt cell was DDC: 1.04, MEA: 1.08 and WR-2721: 1.38 respectively. 4. Conclusively, WR-2721 was the most effective drung among the three radioprotectors and this result must be a supportive data for further study for clinical application.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.5
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• pp.677-684
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship of development of root and soil condition and also to elucidate the difference between stands for mechanical and physical stability according to distribution of roots in the Norway Spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) stands of 30 to 40 year of ages with different soil condition. In the root structure, remarkably different root pattern was shown among the three stands; Eberg$\ddot{o}$tzen stand showed large number f roots with much fine roots which deeply in vertical direction while Barbis stands had thicker root and small number of root than Eberg$\ddot{o}$tzen stand. The Weidenbrunnen stand showed differently half-vertical and plate root structure and the root developed not to be deeply compared to the other two stands. In the total number of root, Eberg$\ddot{o}$tzen stand had the most number of 74 and Barbis stand 33, Weidenbrunnen stand 57 respectively. Eberg$\ddot{o}$tzen stand had much more number of vertical root with 57 than the other two stand; Barbis 21 and Weidenbrunnen 36. In the total length of root, Weidenbrunnen stand showed to be longer than the other two stands and the length of horizontal root also showed longer. Regarding to the rates of horizontal root against vertical root, Eberg$\ddot{o}$tzen stand showed comparatively higher value as 1,2 than other two stands(0.5). In the total weight of root, Weidenbrunnen stand showed very high value compared with the other stands and ratio of vertical root against horizontal root was 0,16 which is very lower than the other two stands(0,4). The remarkable differences of root pattern of Norway spruce stands appeared in this study are through to be caused more by chemical property of soil such as acidity den the mechanical or physical factor of soil conditions.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.8
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• pp.845-850
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• 2006

Purpose : To assess the incidence of neonatal hearing loss in a neonatal intensive care unit and the relative importance of risk factors for hearing imparement in a neonatal intensive care unit which the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing(JCIH) had recommended. Methods : One thousand, two hundred and one newborns admitted to the Good Moonhwa Intensive Care Unit from May 2003 to December 2005 were assesed using the automated auditory brainstem response(AABR). The screening was performed on those aged more than 36 weeks and weighing more than 2,200 g. We divided the infants into two groups, 'pass' and 'refer'. The 'refer' group were retested one month later, and if classified as 'refer' during the retest, were referred to a hearing impairment clinic. Results : From the 1,201 neonates, 1,187(98.8 percent) passed the test and 14(1.2 percent) failed. 293(24.4 percent) of the 1,201 neonates had a risk factor for hearing impairment; 282(96.2 percent) passed the test and 11(3.8 percent) failed. The group with risk factors were shown to have a higher incidence of hearing loss(P<0.001). The neonates in the refer group were shown to have a higher incidence of ototoxic drugs(P<0.001), low birth weight(<1,500 g)(P<0.001) and craniofacial anomalies(P=0.007). On the other hand, there were no statistical differences between the pass and refer groups in congenital infection, hyperbilirubinemia, bacterial meningitis, low Apgar scores, prolonged mechanical ventilation and syndromes known to include hearing loss. Conclusion : In order to identify hearing-impaired infants within an appropriate period, neonatal hearing screening tests and identification of the risk factors for neonatal hearing loss are important.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.961-966
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• 2002

Purpose : We compared the underlying or associated diseases according to the frequency of platelet transfusions in neonates with thrombocytopenia to know the factors predicting which patients will require multiple platelet transfusions. We also compared mortality. Methods : A retrospective study was performed in 72 neonates who received the platelet transfusions in neonatal intensive care unit(NICU) between August 1996 and July 2001. Group I received one platelet transfusion and group II received two or more. We compared the frequency of underlying or assodiated diseases such as sepsis/disseminated intravascular coagulopathy(DIC), respiratory distress syndrome(RDS), intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), necrotizing enterocolitis(NEC), liver or renal disease, and mortality between two groups. Results : Of the 72 patients, 29(40.2%) received one and 43(59.7%) received two or more transfusions; 16(22.2%) received four or more. There were no statistically significant differences in gestational age, birth weight, sex, and maternal history between two groups. C-section rate was higher in group II(20.7% vs. 55.8%, P<0.05) and the incidence of PDA was higher in group I (55.2% vs. 30.2%, P<0.05). Otherwise, there were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of sepsis/DIC, RDS, IVH, RDS, CLD, NEC, liver or renal disease, pulmonary hemorrhage and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and mortality between group I and group II. Conclusion : There was no significant difference in clinical morbidity and mortality according to the frequency of platelet transfusion in neonates with thrombocytopenia. Further study is needed to know the predicting factor for multiple platelet transfusions in neonates with thrombocytopenia.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.1061-1066
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• 2003

Purpose : The rising prevalence of childhood obesity may be due to an energy imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure. Recently, consumption of beverages in children has increased. The aim of this study is to provide useful information for the prevention and the control of childhood obesity by assessment of variable beverage consumption. Methods : Fight hundred seventy seven children(M : F=1 : 1.02, mean age; 9.7 years) from two primary schools in Seoul in May 2003 were enrolled. Body mass index(BMI) was calculated and the degree of obesity was classified into normal, overweight and obese groups by BMI percentile. Parental BMI, socio-economic factor, 3-day dietary intake, calory intake and beverage intake were examined by questionnaires. We researched beverages and classified them into six categories, milk, other milk products, soda, sports beverage, other beverage. Results : The prevalence of obesity was 7.2%. The parental BMI of the obese group were higher than those of the other groups. There was no significant difference in birth weight, or parents' intellectual and economic levels between the obese group and the other groups. There was no significant difference in daily total calory intake between the obese group and the other groups. The obese group of 7-9 year-old-males was higher than the other groups in sodas, and sports beverages intake. The obese group of 10-12 year-old-males was higher than the other groups in total beverage intake and other beverage intakes. The obese group of 10-12 year-old-females was higher than the other groups in other milk products. Conclusion : Excessive intake of beverages is associated with childhood obesity. Efforts to decrease intake of beverages may be important approaches to counter the rise in the prevalence of obesity.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 2000

Purpose: Leptin is an adipocyte-derived blood-borne satiety factor that acts on its cognate leptin receptor in the hypothalamus, thereby regulating food intake and energy expenditure. We measured the leptin concentrations in serum of normal and obese children with human leptin ELISA kit, unlike previous study with leptin RIA kit and investigated the relationship between leptin concentrations and body mass index, gender, and age. Methods: We measured serum concentrations of leptin in 67 children who were visited to the Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital during the period of 5 months from February, 1999 to June, 1999. Height, weight, obesity index, and body mass index were measured in 67 subjects. Leptin values in serum were measured by sandwich ELISA method. Data analysis was done according to the obesity, body mass index, gender and age. Results: The mean concentration of leptin was $7.69{\pm}8.83\;ng/ml$ in normal children group and $36.34{\pm}18.57\;ng/ml$ in obese group. Serum leptin concentrations were significant correlation with the body mass index (p<0.01). Serum leptin concentration was significant higher in the group of over 10 years of age (p<0.01). Leptin levels showed no significant difference by gender. Conclusion: Serum leptin levels were significantly higher in obesity group than in control one, and they were correlated with body mass index and age. Measurements of leptin value by sandwich ELISA method are very useful and easily applicable to determine obesity.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.93-95
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• 1968

The importance of leaf area as related to transpiration and photosynthesis is generally recognized. In general, a compound leaf of soybean consist of one main leaflet and two side leaflets from each node of the stem. Takahashi and Fukuyama (1919) classified soybeans into three types, namely the long leaf type, round leaf type, and intermediate type, in which the last one had round leaves at the base and long leaves in the upper part of the stem. Nagai (1925) and Takahashi (1935). dealt with the genetics of the leaf form and association with other characters. The closely relationships, the correlation coefficients from 0.64 to 0.73, were shown between the leaf area and the soybean yield in the experiments by Nagai (1942). Nagata (1950) also tested the varietal differences of the variation of leaf length and its ratio to the leaf width on the nodes of stem, and finally divided varieties into five types. Three methods of measuring area of strawberry leaves were used by Darrow (1932). The first involved determining a factor to be used with length or length ${\times}$width measurements. The second method involved placing leaves on pieces of cardboard of known area cut to the shape of the leaves. Direct use of the planimeter on intact leaves was Darrow's third method. Miller (1938) enumerated several methods to determine the leaf surface area in plants, some of which were extremely laborious and required removing leaves from plants. They included tracing outlines of leaves on paper and measuring the enclosed area with a planimeter or cutting out the traced areas and comparing the weights obtained with the weight of a known paper. Another method involved placing the form of the leaf on sensitized paper with the area being determined by measuring or weighing as above. Miller further stated that the photoelectric cell can also be utilized to estitmate leaf area. Working with field beans, Davis (1940) found that 0.004517 (length ${\times}$ width) of the center leaflet was the most nearly accurate of four methods attempted. A simple procedure to measure leaf area in corn was devised 1 y Montgomery (1911) and used by Kiesselbach (1950). The formula was length ${\times}$ width ${\times}$ 0.75. Stickler et al. (1961) have successfully used length times width ${\times}$ 0.747 to estimate area of grain sorghum leaves. Bhan and Pande(1966) has also used length ${\times}$ width ${\times}$ 0.802 to determine leaf area of rice varieties. The main objectives of the present investigation were to develop an accurate, rapid method to determine leaf area in soybean varieties and to examine certain data associated with leaf area determinations.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.171-178
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• 2004

Metallothionein (MT) is a family of ubiquitous, low molecular weight (6-7 kDa), cysteine-rich protein with a high affinity to metal ions and has no aromatic amino acids and histidine. Some of the known functions of MT include detoxification of heavy metals and alkylating agents and neutralization of free radicals. Also, this protein may affect a number of cellular processes including gene expression, apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. But, its actual functions are still not clear. The present study was undertaken to examine immunocytochemically the localization of MT in developing rat liver. On the day 11 of gestation, the fetal rat liver has already been formed and contained numerous oval cells with high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio, which were the progenitors of hepatic parenchymal cells, but no reaction products of MT were detected at this time. And then, positive reactions against MT started to appear predominantly in the parenchymal cells of liver from the 13th day after gestation. Reaction products, immunogold particles or brown coloration, were localized at both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the parenchymal cells, except mitochondria. The intensity of this reaction gradually increased, and exhibited the strongest at birth. The intensity of MT staining and immunogold labelling diminished with growth, and by the 15th day after birth weak positive reaction was observed in the cells. In brief, positive reactions for MT were observed in the oval cells and the parenchymal cells during fetal stage, meanwhile they were present only in the parenchymal cells after birth. The present results suggest that MT possibly involves parechymal cell proliferation and differentiation through the storage or the supply of various metal ions in the developing rat liver.