• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.321-328
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• 1999

Purpose : Total body irradiation (TBI) or whole body irradiation is used to acquire immune suppression, to treat malignant lymphoma and leukemia, and as an conditioning regimen for bone marrow transplantation. For these purposes, many methods were developed to obtain homogenous dose distribution. The objective of this study was to analyze and confirm the accuracy and the homogeneity of the treatment setup, the parallel opposed lateral technique, currently used in Seoul National University Hospital. Materials and Metheods : Surface dose data, measured with a thermoluminescent dosimeter, of 8 patients among 10 patients, who were given total body irradiation with the parallel opposed lateral technique between September 1996 to August 1998, at Seoul National University Hospital were analyzed. Surface doses were measured at the head, neck, axilla, thigh, and ankle level. Surface and midline doses were measured with similar set-up and technique in the Humanoid phantom. Results : Measured surface doses relative to prescribed dose for the head, neck, axilla, thight, and ankle leve were $91.3{\pm}7.8,{\;}98.3{\pm}7.5,{\;}95.1{\pm}6.3,{\;}98.3{\pm}5.5$, and $95.3{\pm} 6.3\%$, respectively. The midline doses of the head, neck, axilla, thigh, and ankle level estimated from the surface-to-midline ratios in the Humanoid Phantom were $103.4{\pm}9.0,{\;}107.8{\pm}10.5,{\;}91.1{\pm}6.1,{\pm} 93.8{\pm}4.5,{\;}and{\;}104.5{\pm}9.3\%$, respectively. Measured surface doses and estimated midline doses ranged from $-8.9\%$ to $+7.8\%$. Midline doses at the neck and the axilia level deviated more than $5\%$ from the prescribed doses. The difference of the estimated midline doses at the neck and the axilla level and the actual doses were attributed to the thickness differences between the Humanoid phantom and the patients. Conclusion Distribution of the midline doses as well as the suface doses were measured to be within $-8.7\~{\pm}7.8\%$ range. Actual dose distribution in the patient is expected to be better than the measured dose range mainly attributed to thickness difference between the patient and the Humanoid phantom.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.225-232
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• 1994

Purpose : This study was to obtain the basic dosimetric data using the 10 MV X-ray for the total body irradiation. Materials and Methods : A linear accelerator photon beam is planned to be used as a radiation source for total body irradiation (TBI) in Chonnam University Hospital. The planned distance from the target to the midplane of a patient is 360cm and the maximum geometric field size is 144cm x 144cm. Polystyrene phantom sized $30{\times}30{\times}30.2cm^3$ and consisted of several sheets with various thickness, and a parallel plate ionization chamber were used to measure surface dose and percent depth dose (PDD) at 345cm SSD, and dose profiles. To evaluate whether a beam modifier is necessary for TBI, dosimetry in build up region was made first with no modifier and next with an 1cm thick acryl plate 20cm far from the polystyrene phantom surface. For a fixed sourec-chamber distance, output factors were measured for various depth. Results : As any beam modifier was not on the way of radiation of 10MV X-ray, the $d_{max}$ and surface dose was 1.8cm and $61\%$, respectively, for 345cm SSD. When an 1cm thick acryl plate was put 20cm far from polystyrene phantom for the SSD, the $d_{max}$ and surface dose were 0.8cm and $94\%$, respectively. With acryl as a beam spoiler, the PDD at 10cm depth was $78.4\%$ and exit dose was a little higher than expected dose at interface of exit surface. For two-opposing fields for a 30cm phantom thick phantom, the surface dose and maximum dose relative to mid-depth dose in our experiments were $102.5\%$ and $106.3\%$, respectively. The off-axis distance of that point of $95\%$ of beam axis dose were 70cm on principal axis and 80cm on diagonal axis. Conclusion: 1. To increase surface dose for TBI by 10MV X-ray at 360cm SAD, 1cm thick acrylic spoiler was sufficient when distance from phantom surface to spoiler was 20cm. 2. At 345cm SSD, 10MV X-ray beam of full field produced a satisfiable dose uniformity for TBI within $7\%$ in the phantom of 30cm thickness by two-opposing irradiation technique. 3. The uniform dose distribution region was 67cm on principal axis of the beam and 80cm on diagonal axis from beam axis. 4. The output factors at mid-point of various thickness revealed linear relation with depth, and it could be applicable to practical TBI.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.474-480
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• 2008

Purpose : Stress hyperglycemia is common in critically ill adult patients. It is known as a predictor of increased mortality, and intensive insulin therapy has been shown to improve the prognosis in such patients. We have investigated the relationship between early stress hyperglycemia and clinical outcomes in preterm infants. Methods : In this study, 141 preterm infants with a gestational age of less than 30 weeks were enrolled. The hyperglycemic group was defined as that having maximum glucose of more than 150 mg/dL (n=61) during the first 48 h of life, and the non-hyperglycemic group was defined as that having maximum glucose of less than 150 mg/dL (n=80). Perinatal history, severity of illness using the Clinical Risk Index for Babies (CRIB) score, clinical outcomes, and mortality of the two groups were compared. Results : There was no significant difference in the gestational age between the two groups, but the birth weight (P<0.001) was significantly lower, and the CRIB score (P<0.001) was significantly higher in the hyperglycemic group. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (P<0.001) and clinically suspected sepsis (P=0.046) were more common in the hyperglycemic group. Mortality was markedly higher in the hyperglycemic group (11.3% vs. 41.0%, P<0.001). On performing a stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis, hyperglycemia (OR 3.787; 95% CI 1.324 to 10.829), the CRIB score (OR 1.252; 95% CI 1.047 to 1.496) and birth weight (OR 0.997; 95% CI 0.994 to 1.000) was independently associated with higher mortality. Conclusion : Stress hyperglycemia within the first 48 h of life is independently related to increased morbidity and mortality in preterm infants.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1064-1071
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• 2003

An investigation of various olive oils available in Korea was carried out to assess their quality properties such as color, oxidative stability, fatty acid composition, tocopherol content, sterol content and benzo(a)pyrene content. In color measurement, by using a Lovibond color scale and Hunter color difference meter, both a and b values of extra virgin olive oil were higher than those of pure olive oil by Tintometer (Lovibond PFX995). However, extra virgin olive oil showed higher a value and lower L value than pure olive oil by the Hunter color difference meter. In the rancimat test, the induction period of extra virgin olive oil $(38.03{\sim}8.47hr)$ was longer than that of pure olive oil $(32.40{\sim}9.94hr)$. In fatty acid composition, C18:1 $(72.01{\sim}78.53wt%)$ was present in the greatest amount, with lesser amounts of C18:2 $(4.88{\sim}10.36wt%)$ and C18:3 $(0.56{\sim}1.09wt%)$. The tocopherol content ranged from ${\alpha}-Toc\;4.09{\sim}13.89mg/100g$, ${\beta}-Toc\;0.57{\sim}1.34mg/100g$, and ${\gamma}-Toc$ $3.41{\sim}8.03mg/100g$, and ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ was found to be the main isomer in all oil samples. Therefore, there was little difference in the fatty acid composition and tocopherol content among the different types of olive oils. In sterol content, ${\beta}-sitosterol$ $(124.52{\sim}19.33mg/100g)$ and campesterol $(1.10{\sim}0.62mg/100g)$ of extra virgin olive oil were higher than that of pure olive oil $({\beta}-sitosterol\;92.68{\sim}17.44mg/100g,\;campesterol\;0.59{\sim}0.35mg/100g)$. Benzo(a)pyrene was found in almost all samples, with $0.287{\sim}0.106{\mu}g/kg$ in extra virgin olive oil and $1.204{\sim}2.130{\mu}g/kg$ in pure olive oil.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.94-99
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• 2019

The objective of this study is to establish the shelf life of non-pasteurized whole egg, egg yolk and egg white liquid. Each sample was stored for two weeks at $5^{\circ}C$, $10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, and $25^{\circ}C$, and then sensory, microbial, and physicochemical tests were performed periodically. The estimation of shelf life was based on the microbial standards of total viable counts and coliforms. The chemical properties highly correlated with the sensory evaluation were also used. Our results showed that the shelf life was the most influenced by microbial properties. Exceptionally, however, whole egg and white liquid stored at $5^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ with limited bacterial growth were affected by chemical property. The shelf life of the three non-pasteurized liquids was calculated to be less than one day at over $15^{\circ}C$. At $5^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$, the shelf life was calculated to be 5 d and 1 d for egg yolk liquid, 5 d and 5 d for egg white, and 7 d and 5 d for whole egg, respectively. Therefore, it is advisable to establish reasonable shelf life in the more specific manner based on consideration of these findings.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.354-363
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• 2012

The study was conducted to determine bio-markers and establish shelf-life for eggs and egg products. The selected biomarkers were measured storage period according to samples (two months for table eggs and two weeks for whole liquid eggs) and five storage temperatures ($10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $35^{\circ}C$ and $45^{\circ}C$). The bio-markers for table eggs determined pH, acid value, VBN (volatile basic nitrogen), HU (Haugh unit), aerobic plate counts, coliform group, and Salmonella sp. The bio-markers for whole liquid eggs excluded HU in the bio-markers of eggs. The shelf-life of table eggs observed as 42 d at $10^{\circ}C$, 27 d at $15^{\circ}C$, 9 d at $25^{\circ}C$, 2 d at $35^{\circ}C$, and 1 d at $45^{\circ}C$ in sensory overall acceptability. The shelf-life of pasteurized whole liquid eggs observed as 7 d at $10^{\circ}C$, 3 d at $15^{\circ}C$, 2 d at $25^{\circ}C$, 1 d at $35^{\circ}C$, and less than one d at $45^{\circ}C$ in total plate count. The shelf-life of non- pasteurized whole liquid eggs observed as 4 d at $10^{\circ}C$, 2 d at $15^{\circ}C$, 1 d at $25^{\circ}C$, and less than 1 d at $35^{\circ}C$ and $45^{\circ}C$ in total plate count.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.324-333
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• 2001

Purpose: $^{123}I$-labeled fatty acids have been used in the evaluation of regional myocardial energy metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of $^{123}I$-BMIPP as a liposarcoma-imaging agent. Materials and Methods: We compared in vitro uptakes between liposarcoma(SW872) and glioma(9L) cell lines, and examined biodistribution and in vivo images of $^{123}I$-BMIPP in liposarcoma-bearing nude mice. Cold-BMIPP was labeled with $^{123}I\;using\;Cu^{2+}$ as catalyst. After purification by Sep-pak, radiochemical purity was determined by TLC. We compared cellular uptake between glioma and liposarcoma after incubation of 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 mins with culture medium containing $^{123}I$-BMIPP. The difference in biodistribution was determined between non-feeding (water only) group for 18 hr and feeding group in normal mice (n=6/group) at 0.5, 2, and 24 hr. In liposarcoma-hearing nude mice model, liposarcoma, SW872, ceil lines were injected subcutaneously into the felt thigh of nude mice. The biodistribution of $^{123}I$-BMIPP was evaluated at 0.5, 2, and 24 hr (n:5 / group) and in vivo Image of $^{123}I$-BMIPP was obtained with gamma camera at 2 and 24 hr in liposarcoma-hearing nude mice. Results: Radiolabeling yield and radiochemical purity were 95% and above 99%, respectively. SW872 cell line showed more increased uptake than 9L with 1.5 times at 180 mins. The clearance of $^{123}I$-BMIPP in various tissues was more delayed in the non-feeding group than in the feeding group, especially at delayed time (24 hr) in normal mice, and the major excreting organ was the gastrointestinal tract. In liposarcoma-bearing nude mice, tumor/blood ratio of $^{123}I$-BMIPP was 0.94, 0.75, and 1.38 and tumor/muscle ratio was 0.66, 1.53, and 1.11 at 0.5, 2, and 24hr, respectively. $^{123}I$-BMIPP was selectively localized in liposarcoma at 24 hr image. Conclusions: These results suggest that $^{123}I$-BMIPP can be used as a liposarcoma-imaging agent.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.749-758
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• 2019

The aim of this study is to provide a scientific basis for decision making regarding environmental damage in case of future chemical accidents by evaluating the ecotoxicity of 4 substances requiring preparation for accidents. For this purpose, acute and chronic toxicities of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonia solution, which can change the physical and chemical properties of soil to Paronychiurus kimi(Collembola) were investigated. The pH of artificial soil spiked with a series of test chemical concentrations was also measured. The pH of soil spiked with 10,000 mg kg^-1 of soil nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonia solution were 2.86, 2.72, 7.18 and 9.69, respectively. The 28-d LC₅₀ of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide and ammonia solution were 2,703, 5,414, 3,158 and 859 mg kg^-1 soil dry wt., respectively and 28-d EC₅₀ were 587, 2,148, 1,300 and 216 mg kg^-1 soil dry wt., respectively. These results indicated that the mortality and juvenile production of P. kimi were influenced by not only the soil pH but also by the reduced organic content and products produced by the reaction of soil with the tested chemicals. Given the fact that most substances requiring preparation for accidents can change soil characteristics, assessment and restoration methods that take into account changes in soil properties are needed for accurate decision making after chemical accidents.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.73 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 1986

In general, the snow injury in forestry is an unusual disaster. The degree of snow injury varies greatly depending on stand density and the local topography. This study was conducted to investigate the snow injury in analyzing the demaged by snow-fall in Jinju, Gyeongsangnamdo. The results obtained were summarized as follow; Among 466 total damaged trees, 425 trees were broken and 41 trees were uprooted, the ratio of damage were 5.22%, 2.49%, 0.92% and 0.2% for Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, Pinus rigida, Alnus hirsuta respectively. The 95% of the damage trees were in the range of 3 to 11 m for height and in the range of 3 to 20 cm for D. B. H.. The directions of the damage trees had a large influence by direction of the wind, but they shown at high tendency to aspect of the slope relatively. The 82% of the damaged trees ranged from 11 to 24 age. The ratio of broken height ($H_B/H$) indicated that the damage was most frequent in the part of stem as 24%, 45%, 31% in the part of the root collar (0.1), stem (0.2-0.4), crown (0.5-1.0) respectively. In general, trees with stem-form coefficient ($H_B/D$) over 0.7-0.8 are apt to suffer by snow damage. The average of stem-form coefficient of trees in this area was 1.06. Therefore, the ratio of damage was high tendency as 3.14%. These results indicate that it is necessary to apply pertinent tending which will increase in resistance of snow damage. As avalanches from the flank of soil erosion rise in an importance matter in present, it should also be considered to measures for prevention and restoration.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.169-174
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• 2017

Acute and chronic toxicities of methyl ethyl ketone and methanol were investigated on Paronychiurus kimi (Collembola), for evaluating the potential effects of accidental exposures of these chemical substances on the terrestrial environments. This study was undertaken to establish a toxicity database for these chemical substances, which was required for the preparation of the response compensation and liability act for agricultural production and environmental damage. The 7-d acute toxicity and 28-d chronic toxicity were conducted using the OECD artificial soil spiked with varying, serially diluted concentrations of methyl ethyl ketone and methanol. Mortality was recorded after 7-d and 28-d of exposures, and the number of juveniles were determined after 28-d of exposure in the chronic toxicity test. In both assessments, methanol was more toxic than methyl ethyl ketone in terms of mortality ($LC_{50}$) and reproduction ($EC_{50}$). The 7-d $LC_{50}$ of methyl ethyl ketone and methanol were 762 and $2378mg\;kg^{-1}$ soil dry wt., respectively, and the 28-d $LC_{50}s$ were 6063 and $1857mg\;kg^{-1}$ soil dry wt., respectively. The 28-d $EC_{50}$ of methyl ethyl ketone and methanol were 265 and $602mg\;kg^{-1}$ soil dry wt., respectively. Comparison of results obtained in this study with literature data revealed that P. kimi was more sensitive to methanol than other soil invertebrates. However, given the high volatility of the chemicals tested in this study, further studies are necessary to improve the current test guideline, or to develop new test guidelines for an accurate assessment of chemicals that require toxicity databases for chemical accidents.