• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.59-77
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• 2018

The tourism industry is now changing to smart tourism, which maximizes tourists' overall tourism experience with the use of advanced mobile technologies and emphasizes the utilization of tourism information. Despite the quantitative expansion of the tourism industry, there is a lack of academic and practical discussion on tourism safety. Especially, in the context of walking tourism, tourists are more likely to be exposed to natural or social disasters and emergencies. Therefore, it is necessary to build a system that can provide walking tourists with safety information not only on dangerous factors which are anticipated to be confronted during a walking trip in advance but also on specific dangers in real time. Under the circumstances, this study seeks to identify the types of tourism safety information that can be offered by using publicly available open data, drawing on the safety information framework on the walking tourism that is presented in Choi et al. (2017)'s study. More specifically, this study focuses on the use of open data which is provided by the Korean government. Furthermore, this study verifies the types of safety information that are most urgently needed in walking travel situations. Specifically, this study aims to derive the importance and priority of each type of safety information for a walking trip by applying the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) analysis. For this, we collected 35 questionnaires from walking tour operators (practitioners) and walking tourists. The main results are as follows. First, natural disaster information is the most important factor in the top-level factor of safety information for walking tourists, followed by social disaster, life safety, and exhibition (security crisis) information. Second, information on natural disasters, environmental pollution, and weather is considered to be important at the sub-level factor. Lastly, the noteworthy result of this study is that the importance of each type of safety information varies depending on the walking tour operators (practitioners) and the walking tourists. That is, there is a recognition difference between the operator (practitioner) and the user in the importance and priority of the safety information of the walking trip. Therefore, it is necessary to develop policies and services reflecting the opinions of potential users when providing safety information so that the most importantly recognized information can be provided first.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.172-177
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• 2004

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of daytime temperature on fruit crack-ing in the paprika cv. Fiesta and cv. Jubilee under soil culture experiment of vinyl house for two years from 2003 to 2004. The rate of cracked fruit was higher in cv. Fiesta than cv. Jubilee and was the highest at the high daytime temperature of $34\pm$$1^{\circ}C$. and then rapidly increased after April becomes better weather conditions. The flesh hardness and the rate of flesh dry weight were lower in cv. Fiesta than cv. Jubilee and were the lowest at the high daytime temperature of $34\pm$1$^{\circ}C$. but the thickness of flesh was thicker in cv. Fiesta than cv. Jubilee and was the thinnest at the high daytime temperature of $34\pm$$1^{\circ}C$. Inorganic matter contents of flesh was observed no difference to the cultivars and also the temperature treatments. Root condition in harvesting time was better in cv. Fiesta than cv. Jubilee and was not difference in temperature treatments. Therefore, the rate of cracked fruit showed up a positive correlation to the flesh hardness, flesh dry weight, flesh firmness and root condition, and has not correlation to the flesh thickness and inorganic matter con-tents. In conclusion, differences in cultivar sensitivity and the highest rate of cracked fruit in daytime temperature of $34\pm$$1^{\circ}C$ may be partly due to difference in flesh characteristic and root condition but additional factors may be involved.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.933-946
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• 2013

The quantitative analysis of evapotranspiration (ET) is a key component in hydrological studies and the establishment of water resources planning. Generally, the quantitative analysis of ET is performed by the estimation method of potential or reference ET based on meteorological factors such as air temperature, wind speed, etc. Hargreaves equation is one of empirical methods for reference ET using air temperature data. In this study, in order to estimate more exact reference ET considering climatological characteristics in Korea, parameter regionalization of Hargreaves equation is carried out. Firstly, modified Hargreaves equation is presented after the analysis of the relationship between solar radiation and temperature. Secondly, parameter ($K_{ET}$) optimization of Hargreaves equation is performed using Penman-Monteith method and modified equation at 71 weather stations. Lastly, the equation for calculating $K_{ET}$ using temperature data is proposed and verified. As a result, reference ET from original Hargreaves equation is overestimated or underestimated compared with Penman-Monteith method. But modified equation in this study is more accurate in the climatic conditions of Korea. In addition, the applicability of the equation between $K_{ET}$ and temperature is confirmed.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.83-93
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• 1997

The purpose of the study is to analyze the sensitivity of the parameters that affect the runoff and water quality in the studied drainage basins. SWMM model is applied to the four drainage basins located at Namgazwa and Sanbon in Seoul and Gray Haven and Kings Creek in the USA. first of all, the optimum values of the parameters which have least simulation error to the observed data, are detected by iteration procedure. These are used as the standard values which are compared against the procedure. These are used as the standard values which are compared against the varied parameter values. In order to catch the effectiveness of the parameters to the computing result, the parameters are changed step by setp, and the results are compared to the standard results in flowerate and quality of the sewer. The study indicates that the discharge is greatly affected by the types of runoff surface, i.e., impervious area remarkably affects the peak flow and runoff volume while the surface storage affects the runoff volume at mild sloped basins. In addition, the major parameters affecting the pollution concentrations and loadings are the contaminant accumulation coefficient per unit area per time and the continuous dry weather days. Furthermore, the factors that affect the water quality during the initial rainfall period are the rainfall intensity, transport capacity coefficient and its power coefficient. Consequently, in order to simulate the runoff-water quality, it is needed to evaluate previous data in the research performed for the studied basins. To accurately estimated from the tributary areas and the rational computation methods of the pollutants calculation should be introduced.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.57-64
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• 2016

Purpose: Recently, lighting energy consumption in buildings has been gradually increasing and more studies are being carried out in order to solve this problem. Especially, the efficiency of the light-shelf system, which is a natural lighting system, has been recognized as a potential solution in addressing this problem and so various studies regarding the light-shelf system are being conducted. However, if high luminance material is used for the light-shelf system, glaring may occur in certain circumstances even though such material increases efficiency, and there are also difficulties related to maintenance and management in the case of an external light-shelf system. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to suggest modifications in relation to the reflectivity of the light-shelf system and introduce a rolling type light-shelf system with built-in cleaning equipment. In addition, a performance evaluation technique was established to verify its effectiveness. Method: In this study, we reviewed previous studies related to the light-shelf system and its performance. Then a testbed was established to assess the performance of the rolling-type light-shelf system suggested in this study. Also, the performance of the rolling-type light-shelf system suggested in this study was compared and analyzed with that of existent light-shelf systems in order to better verify the performance, and the uniformity ratio of illumination and lighting energy consumption were calculated for this purpose. Result: The results of the performance evaluation are as follows. 1) The performance evaluation result of the light-shelf system on the day of the summer solstice shows that $30^{\circ}$ is appropriate for the angle of light-shelf system, and the depth of the incoming natural light also increases as the angle of the light shelf increases. 2) It is possible to improve the uniformity ratio of illumination by increasing the reflectivity of the light shelf, and the reason for this is the increase in the amount of incoming light entering indoors due to the increased reflectivity of the light shelf. 3) The rolling type light-shelf system suggested in this study enables energy saving in comparison with existent light-shelf systems, and when the external illuminance decreases to 60,000 lx and 40,000 lx during the summer solstice due to factors such as the weather, the suggested light-shelf system can save energy by 12.1% and 5.1% respectively. Thus the light-shelf system proposed in this study is deemed to be effective in reducing energy costs.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.101-119
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• 2018

In this study, we analyzed long-term measurements and air quality simulation results of four criteria air pollutants ($PM_{10}$, $O_3$, $NO_2$, and $SO_2$) for 10 years, from 2006 to 2015, with emphasis on trends of annual variabilities. With the observation data, we conducted spatial interpolation using the Kriging method to estimate spatial distribution of pollutant concentrations. We also performed air quality simulations using the CMAQ model to consider the nonlinearity of the secondary air pollutants such as $O_3$ and the influence of long-range transport. In addition, these simulations are used to deduce the effect of long-term meteorological variations on trends of air quality changes because we fixed the emissions inventory while changing meteorological inputs. The nation-wide inter-annual variability of modeled $PM_{10}$ concentrations was $-0.11{\mu}g/m^3/yr$, while that of observed concentrations was $-0.84{\mu}g/m^3/yr$. For the Seoul Metropolitan Area, the inter-annual variability of observed $PM_{10}$ concentrations was $-1.64{\mu}g/m^3/yr$ that is two times rapid improvement compared to other regions. On the other hand, the inter-annual variability of observed $O_3$ concentrations is 0.62 ppb/yr which is larger than the simulated result of 0.13 ppb/yr. Magnitudes of differences between the modeled and observed inter-annual variabilities indicated that decreasing trend of $PM_{10}$ and increasing trend of $O_3$ are more influenced by emissions and oxidation states than meteorological conditions. We also found similar patterns in $NO_2$. However, $NO_2$ trends showed greater regional and seasonal differences than other pollutants. The analytic approach used in this study can be applicable to estimate changes in factors determining air quality such as emissions, weather, and surrounding conditions over a long term. Then analysis results can be used as important data for air quality management planning and evaluation of the chronic impact of air quality.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2016

Remote Sensing (RS) is a technique to obtain necessary information in a non-contact and non-destructive method by using various sensors on the surface, water or atmospheric phenomena. These techniques combine elements such as sensors, and platform and information communication technology (ICT) for mounting the sensor. ICT has contributed significantly to the success of smart agriculture through quantification and measurement of environmental factors and information such as weather, crop and soil management to distribution and consumption stage, as well as the production stage by the cloud computer. Remote sensing techniques, including non-destructive non-contact bioimaging (remote imaging) is required to measure the plant function. In addition, bioimaging study in plant science is performed at the gene, cellular and individual plant level. Recently, bioimaging technology is considered the latest phenomics that identifies the relationship between the genotype and environment for distinguishing phenotypes. In this review, trends in remote sensing in plants, plants diagnostics and response to environment and status of plants phonemics research were presented.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.214-227
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• 2018

An object oriented crop model was developed to perform crop growth simulation taking into account complex interaction between biotic and abiotic factors in an agricultural ecosystem. A set of classes including Atmosphere class, Plant class, Soil class, and Grower class were designed to represent weather, crop, soil, and crop management, respectively. Objects, which are instance of class, were linked to construct an integrated system for crop growth simulation. In a case study, yield of corn and soybean, which was obtained at an experiment farm in Rural Development Administration from 1984 to 1986, were compared with yield simulated using the integrated system. The integrated system had relatively low error rate of corn yield, e.g., <4%, under sole and intercropping conditions. In contrast, the system had a relatively large underestimation error for above ground biomass except for grain compared with those observed for corn and soybean. For example, estimates of biomass of corn leaf and stem was 31% lower than those of observed values. Although the integrated system consisted of simple models, the system was capable of simulating crop yield under an intercropping condition. This result suggested that an existing process-based model would be used to have more realistic simulation of crop growth once it is reengineered to be compatible to the integration system, which merits further studies for crop model improvement and implementation in object oriented paradigm.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2002

This study was conducted to reveal the effects of local climatic conditions on the early growth of Korean white pine progeny test stands. For this, stand variables such as mean DBH, mean height, basal area per hectare, and volume per hectare by stand age and locality were first measured and summarized for each stand. Based on these statistics, annual increments for 10 years from stand age 10 to 20 were calculated for each of stand variables. The effects of local climatic conditions as one of environmental factors on the growth were then analyzed by both a topoclimatological method and a spatial statistical technique. From yearly climatic estimates,30 climatic indices which affect the tree growth were computed for each of the progeny test stand. The annual increments were then correlated with and regressed on the climatic indices to examine effects of local climatic conditions on the growth. Gapyung area provided the best conditions for the early growth of Korean white pine and Kwangju area ranked second. On the other hand, the growth pattern in Youngdong ranked last overall as expected. It is also found that the local growth patterns of Korean white pine in juvenile stage were affected by typical weather conditions. The conditions such as low temperature and high relative humidity provide favor environment for the early growth of Korean white pine. Especially, it was concluded that the low temperature is a main factor influencing the early growth of Korean white pine based on the results of correlation analysis and regression equations developed far the prediction of annual increments of stand variables.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.406-416
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• 2014

When abnormal taste and odor were detected in the tap water of the North-Han river watershed during the dry season in late 2011, excessive nutrients with algal growth in the Lake Uiam and weather factors were considered to be among its causes. The nutrients, in particular, originated from domestic sewage in the Chuncheon area. This study was conducted to investigate relations between the algal growth in the Lake Uiam and the contribution of nutrients from public sewage treatment works (PSTWs) in Chuncheon city, and based on this to analyze the environmental impact. Nutrients in the Lake Uiam have already been accumulated to the level of eutrophication. Even in winter, the conditions in the lake such as retention time and water temperature were favorable to boost algal growth. After phosphorus treatment processes were introduced, the PSTWs in the Lake Uiam watershed were able to reduce the total phosphorus loads by 43%. The algal concentrations in the Lake Uiam also dropped by about 7%. The nitrogen treatment efficiencies in the PSTWs, on the other hand, remained almost the same after the introduction of the phosphorus treatment processes. To solve these problems more efficiently, it is necessary to develop management strategies for the upstream area of the Lake Uiam and set plans to improve nitrogen treatment operation and management for the PSTWs in Chuncheon.