• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.29-35
• /
• 1999

Quantity and composition of biogas from semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of straw were obtained experimentally in laboratory scale digesters fed with 1 liter of 5% straw-water mixture and maintained at 35$^{\circ}C$. Experiments were carried out for hydraulic retention time(HRT) of 8, 10 and 15days, respectively. The amount and composition of biogas produced were measured until steady-state was achieved for each run. The amount of biogas and methane percent go through a maximum and decrease continuously towards the steady-state after three times operation of hydraulic retention time(HRT). Methane gas production rates at steady-state increase with the increasing of HRT. Biogas production of 0.45 liter/day with 25% methane, 0.42 liter/day with 33.7% methane and 0.492 liter/day with 31.7% methane were obtained for 8, 10 and 15days of HRT, respectively. The high proportion of soluble carbohydrates present in straw makes the volatile fatty acids to build up within the digester causing a drop in pH that inhibits digestion. Regular control of pH is therefore necessary by adding alkalinity. Reductions in COD increase with increase in HRT. The stratification of plant material within the digester is different from that of manure, and modifications in design and operation of digesters may be necessary if they are fed with plant matter.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
• /
• pp.1611-1611
• /
• 2001

The main selection parameters used by forage grass (rye and Italian rye grass) breeders are dry-matter yield, seasonal growth, persistency, disease resistance, heading date, and heading. These characteristics can all be identified usually in the segregating F2 population, however characteristics such as soluble carbohydrate level, protein, lipid and digestibility cannot be identified. The emphasis of this work is to introduce a quantitative selection process for characterization of herbage quality e.g. protein, water-soluble carbohydrates, fiber fractions, dry matter digestibility. NIRS calibrations are currently being developed for identifying grass genotypes to assist the selection process, thereby allowing the opportunity to actively breed improved herbage quality. The changes in fibre fractions, associated components and digestibility of a number of grass clones at different growth stages are being assessed changes taking place during a growing season. This will provide a database of the major changes taking place during a growing season. Attempts to classify quality differences between genotypes will be carried out using multivariate analysis of the spectral data. I addition changes associated with maturity of grass will be considered in order to develop robust calibrations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.51-54
• /
• 1992

Silages were prepared with different ratios of oat and wheat straw 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100 with or without urea supplementation and were ensiled for 60 days in air tight polyethylene bags and kept at room temperature. Results showed that dry matter loss was maximum in 100% oat silage and it decreased as the ratio of wheat straw increased. There was a significant difference in crude protein value of the silages prepared by different ratios of oat and wheat straw. Addition of urea significantly increased the crude protein and decreased the crude fibre value. Silage made with urea supplementation were well fermented as indicated by higher value of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and lower value of residual carbohydrates. Maximum VFA concentrations were observed in 60:40 oat-wheat straw silages. The value of enzyme soluble organic matter (ESOM) was high in all the urea supplemented silages as compared to without urea and maximum value was found in 60:40 oat-wheat straw combination.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제31권11호
• /
• pp.1747-1755
• /
• 2018

Objective: Common reed (Phragmites communis Trin.) could potentially provide an alternative resource for silage; however, its silage quality is poor. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors in reed that contribute to poor quality and determine how the use of additives at ensiling could improve fermentation quality. Methods: In Experiment 1, we determined the chemical composition and the presence of indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in reed. We further examined fermentation quality of reed silage under conditions without additives (NA) and treated glucose (G), lactic acid bacteria (L), and their combination (G+L). In Experiment 2, silage of NA, and with an addition of cellulase and lactic acid bacteria (CL) were prepared from harvested reed. The harvested reeds were fertilized at nitrogen concentrations of 0, 4, 8, and $12g\;N/m^2$ and were harvested thrice within one year. Results: The indigenous LAB and fermentable carbohydrates are at extremely low concentrations in reed. Reed silage, to which we added G+L, provided the highest quality silage among treatments in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, N fertilization had no negative effect on silage quality of reed. The harvest times decreased fermentable carbohydrate content in reed. The CL treatment provided a higher lactic acid content compared to the NA treatment. However, the quality of CL treated silage at the second and third harvests was significantly lower than at the first harvest, due to a reduction in carbohydrates caused by frequent harvesting. Conclusion: The causes of poor quality in reed silage are its lack of indigenous LAB and fermentable carbohydrates and its high moisture content. In addition, reed managed by frequent harvesting reduces carbohydrate content. Although the silage quality could be improved by adding CL, higher-quality silage could be prepared by adding fermentable carbohydrates, such as glucose (rather than adding cellulases).

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.543-548
• /
• 2007

Low-energy processing technology, which enhances the utility of defatted soybean flour (DSF), was developed using extrusion processing. DSF was extruded at different conditions using a twin screw extruder and then, dried at $40^{\circ}C$ for 20 hr. The nitrogen solubility index (NSI), viscosity, water solubility index (WSI), and water absorption index (WAI) of DSF increased after extrusion processing. The density of DSF extrudates decreased with the decrease in water content from 53 to 33% and the increase in extrusion temperature from 110 to $160^{\circ}C$. The addition of NaOH from 1.2 to 1.8% and citric acid from 1 to 5% increased the total solubility (TS) of DSF due to the decrease of protein coiling and hydrophobic bonds formation during extrusion processing. When viscozyme was reacted first, TS, NSI, and soluble carbohydrate content of DSF hydrolysates increased about 12, 6, and 7%, respectively, compared to them reacted with protease first. The TS and NSI of DSF hydrolysates were increased about 15 and 10%, respectively, by extrusion processing at alkaline and acidic pH. Extrusion processing at alkaline and acidic pH contributed the increase of efficiency to hydrolyze DSF samples using enzyme.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제19권5호
• /
• pp.423-428
• /
• 1996

Optimum conditions for hydrolysis were investigated to enhance water-solubilities of protein-bound polysaccharides in the basidiocarps of Ganoderma lucidum by treating chymotrypsin. We also attempted with Ganoderma lucidum residue remaining after extracting hot water-soluble compoents in Ganoderma lucidum. After hydrolyzing under optimum conditions (20 ppm chymotrypsin, 2% Gampderma lucidum or 6% Ganoderma lucidum residue, at pH 10 and at $ 40^{\circ}C$), the amounts of total protein and carbohydrate of hydrolysate were measured. Michaelis constant, $K_{m}$, and maximum rate, $V_{max}$, calculated by Lineweaver-Buck plot for the hydrolysis of Ganoderma lucidum were 1.73% and 0.073%/min respectively and those for hydrolysis of Ganoderma lucidum residue were 2.40% and 0.033%/min respectively. The amount of polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum (100 g) treated with chymotrypsin was only 3.07 g, but significantly increased amount (14.34 g) of polysaccharides was isolated from Ganoderma lucidum residue (100 g) treated with chymotrypsin. The protein-bound polysaccharide was isolated from the non-hydrolyzed and hydrolyzed sample and molecular weights of the polysaccharide were measured by Sepharose CL-48 gel filtration.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제42권4호
• /
• pp.395-402
• /
• 1998

Mori Cortex Radicis, the root bark of mulberry tree, has been used in the treatment of bronchial asthma and other lung diseases in traditional medicine. There was a recent repor t that the water soluble part with molecular weight of above 10,000 has anti-allergic activity. Therefore, we intended to isolate and purify the anti-allergic compound from hot water extract of the Mori Cortex Radicis. Crude extract of Mori Cortex Radicis was prepared by hot-water extraction, and anti-allergic compound was further purified by alcohol precipitation, successive ultrafiltration, anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. This compound had homogeneity which was shown by the sharp single peak in HPLC chromatogram (TSK-GEL G400OPW column, RI detector). The molecular weight of the compound was estimated as 23Kda on the basis of calibration curve plotted against protein standards. This compound was identified as complex of sugar, protein and lignin (19.2: 5.9: 72.7), and proteolysis could not decrease the anti-allergic activity but mild delignification decreased the activity remarkably. Therefore, we concluded that the anti-allergic compound of Mori Cortex Radicis was a lignin-carbohydrate complex.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.43-49
• /
• 1989

In spite of the well confirmed advantages of wilting on the fermentation quality, wilting silages are difficult to make at optimum dry matter content. The prolonged wilting, especially in humid condition, result in lower water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents, extensive protein breakdown and sometimes higher total volatile fatty acid (VFA) during wilting an ensilage. Apart from difficulty of controlling moisture content, another problem associated with wilted silages is different evaluation on the potential productivity. In temperature climate of Asia, therefore further researches on the effects of wilting on the silage fermentation and potential productivity seen to be necessary.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제16권5호
• /
• pp.431-436
• /
• 2000

Gelatinization properties of potato starches which were prepared by steeping at 10 ${\pm}$ 1$^{\circ}C$ or 25 ${\pm}$ 1$^{\circ}C$ for 11 days were investigated. The pasting and initial gelatinization temperatures measured by rapid visco-analyzer (RVA) were increased, but the peak and trough viscosities of potato starch were decreased by steeping. The onset temperature, peak temperature, conclusion temperature, and enthalpy of gelatinization were increased by steeping as measured by DSC. The contents of hot-water-soluble carbohydrate and amylose in potato starch were decreased by steeping.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제30권8호
• /
• pp.1760-1766
• /
• 2009

Enzymatic syntheses of water soluble Bakuchiol glycosides were carried out in di-isopropyl ether organic media using amyloglucosidase from Rhizopus mold. The reactions were carried out under conventional reflux conditions and in supercritical $CO_2$ atmospheric conditions. Out of the eleven carbohydrate molecules employed for the reaction, D-glucose, D-ribose and D-arabinose gave glycosides in yields of 9.0% to 51.4% under conventional reflux conditions. Under supercritical $CO_2$ atmosphere (100 bar pressure at 50 ${^{\circ}C}$), bakuchiol formed glycosides with Dglucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-fructose, D-ribose, D-arabinose, D-sorbitol and D-mannitol in yields ranging from 9% to 46.6%. Out of the bakuchiol glycosides prepared, 6-O-(6-D-fructofruranosyl)bakuchiol showed the best antioxidant (1.4 mM) and ACE inhibitory activities (0.64 mM).