• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.381-388
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• 2014

The antioxidant activities of extracts from Rubus coreanus Miquel (black raspberry) and Morus alba L. (mulberry) fruits were investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay, and reducing power assay. Aqueous mixtures of ethanol, methanol, and acetone were analyzed in order to determine the most effective extraction solvent for the two fruits. Black raspberry and mulberry extracts with the 60:40 acetone-water mixtures (v/v) showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activities (56.2 and 85.2%, respectively) compared to the other extraction solvents. The 60% acetone extract was finally selected as an extraction solvent and then sequentially fractionated according to solvent polarity. Among the fractions of the two fruits, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity as well as total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. In addition, there were high correlation coefficients between antioxidant activities and their contents. The $EC_{50}$ value of the ethyl acetate fraction from mulberry fruit was 2.2 times lower than that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in DPPH assay. The major phenolic acid and anthocyanin of the two fruits were protocatechuic acid and cyanidin-3-glucoside, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.661-667
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• 2014

To investigate the anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects of Opuntia humifusa cladodes, O. humifusa cladodes powder was extracted with 75% ethanol and fractionated with various solvents. Among the extracts fractionated with various solvents, ${\alpha}$-amylase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities of O. humifusa cladodes were highest ($89.94{\pm}1.15%$ and $29.01{\pm}3.03%$, respectively) in the ethyl acetate fraction. Further, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the ethyl acetate fraction were the highest ($196.02{\pm}5.26$ and $114.00{\pm}10.03{\mu}g/mg$, respectively). DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities increased according to the concentration of O. humifusa cladodes extract, and those of the ethyl acetate fraction were the highest. Ferric reducing antioxidant powers of chloroform and the ethyl acetate fraction were higher than those of other fractions. Overall, the ethyl acetate fraction of O. humifusa cladodes showed the highest anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects. Results indicate that O. humifusa cladodes powder has potential as a useful ingredient with anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.1190-1196
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism and effects of different types of ginseng on memory improvement in an experimental rat model. In this study, SD rats were induced for memory deficits through scopolamine treatment (1 mg/kg, i.p.) then administrated with ginseng extract for 7 weeks. The rats were divided into five groups: saline (1 mL/kg, NC: negative control), white ginseng (300 mg/kg, WG), red ginseng (300 mg/kg, RG), black ginseng (300 mg/kg, BG), and scopolamine (1 mg/kg, PC: positive control). The step through latency of the BG and RG groups was significantly longer than the PC group in the retention trial of multiple trial passive avoidance test. In the spatial reference memory triads of the Morris water maze test, the latency time of BG and RG was significantly lower than the PC group. In addition, in the prove test, the time spent in the platform quadrant of BG and RG groups were significantly longer than the PC group. Brain choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activities BG and RG groups significantly increased compared to other groups. On the other hand, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower in the BG and RG groups compared to other groups. These result suggested that black ginseng could be useful to enhance learning memory and cognitive function by regulation of cholinergic enzymes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.671-676
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• 2005

A total of 50 individual catfish, the Tra (Pangasius hypophthalmus) cultivated in either floating cages (Tra-c) or in ponds (Tra-p) and the Basa (Pangasius bocourti) raised in three floating cages, were collected in two of the Mekong Delta provinces. The caudal fin of each individual fish was used for protein electrophoresis employing the SDS-PAGE method. The one fillet sides were used as a representative sample to determine the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and amino acids (AAs). The catfish oil was extracted from the belly fats, and the fatty acid (FA) composition was analyzed. There were 21 bands of the Tra and the Basa. Protein bands of the two varieties were 28.6-33.3% polymorphic, while polymorphic individuals of the Tra ranged from 80.0 to 100.0%, and the Basa was 90.0% polymorphic. The phenotypic diversity (Ho) of the Tra ranged from 1.71 to 1.80, while the Basa ranged as high as 2.14%. Diversity values (H$_{EP}$) for genetic diversity markers were equal in the Tra and the Basa. The sum of the effective number of alleles (SENA) of both varieties ranged from 3.40 to 3.83 for the Basa and the Tra, respectively. The lower values of Ho and SENA, as compared with those of the fresh water prawn (Macrobrachium equidens) in the area, would suggest that the species with the low values will become extinct due to inbreeding; the gene pools of each observed population were below a suitable threshold. Many of the differences in the nutritional values of the Tra-c, the Tra-p and the Basa were measured; their nutrient values were comparable to fishmeal or fish oil. Most of the DM, CP, and EE were higher in the Tra, especially in the Tra-c. The essential AA content, especially that of lysine, was highest in the Tra-c, next highest in the Tra-p, and lowest in the Basa. Therefore, the amino acid patterns were closer to the ideal patterns in the same sequences. In contrast, the essential FAs were concentrated in the Basa fish oil. It was found that suitable selection of parents for seed production is required to avoid inbreeding. Catfish may be valuable sources of nutrition for both humans and animals, and the differences in their nutritional values by variety and/or management must be taken into account.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2 s.70
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• pp.213-223
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• 2007

Objective : Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a geriatric dementia that is widespread in old age. With an aging populace, AD is a looming problem in public health service. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by specific neuronal degeneration in certain areas of the brain. Mutations and abnormal expression of several genes are associated with ${\beta}-amyloid$ deposits and Alzheimer's disease; among them APP, PS1, and PS2, SOD, free radical, ROS. Methods:We studied herbal medicines that have a relationship to brain degeneration. From pre-modern times, although a variety of oriental prescriptions of Aster tataricus have been traditionally utilized for the treatment of AD, their pharmacological effects and action mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. Result : Based on morphological observations by phase-contrast microscope, TUNEL assay and MTT in the culture media, $H_20_2-induced$ cell death was significantly inhibited by Aticus. We examined by ROS formation, catalase activity and GSH activity. We studied the protective effect and inhibitory effects of neurotoxicity in $H_20_2-induced$ PC-12 cells by Aticus. Findings from our experiments show that Aticus inhibits apoptosis, which has neurotoxicities and cell damage in PC-12 cells. In addition, treatment with Aticus ($>25{\mu}g/ml$ for 6hrs) partially prevented $H_20_2-induced$ cytotoxicity in PC-12 cells, and induced a protective effect. Conclusion : As the result of this study, in the Aticus group, the apoptosis in the nervous system was inhibited, protected against the degeneration of PC-12 cells by $H_20_2$. Taken together, Aticus exhibited inhibition of $H_20_2-induced$ apoptotic cell death. Aticus was found to induce protective effect on GSH and catalase in PC-12 cells. Based on these findings, Aticus may be beneficial for the treatment of AD.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.268-274
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• 2012

To perform quick measurements of black carbon (BC) particles deposited on foliar surfaces of forest tree species, we investigated an optical method for measuring the amount of BC extracted from foliar surfaces and collected on quartz fiber filters. The seedlings of Fagus crenata, Castanopsis sieboldii, Larix kaempferi and Cryptomeria japonica were exposed to submicron BC particles for one growing season (1 June to 7 December 2009). At the end of the growing season, the leaves or needles of the seedlings were harvested and washed with deionized water followed by washing with chloroform to extract the BC particles deposited on the foliar surfaces. The extracted BC particles were collected on a quartz fiber filter. The absorption spectrum of the filters was measured by spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. To obtain the relationship between the absorbance of the filter and the amount of BC particles on the filter, the amount of BC particles on the filter was determined as that of elemental carbon (EC) measured by a thermal optical method. At wavelengths below 450 nm, the absorption spectrum of the filter showed absorption by biological substances, such as epicuticular wax, resulting in the low coefficient of determination ($R^2$) in the relationship between the amount of EC on the filter ($M_{EC}$, ${\mu}g\;C\;cm^{-2}$ filter area) and the absorbance of the filter. The intercept of the regression line between $M_{EC}$ and the absorbance of the filter at 580 nm ($A_{580}$) was closest to 0. There was a significant linear relationship between the $A_{580}$ and $M_{EC}$ ($R^2$=0.917, p<0.001), suggesting that the amount of BC particles collected on the filter can be predicted from the absorbance. This optical method might serve as a simple, fast and cost-effective technique for measuring the amount of BC on foliar surfaces.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.4
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• pp.388-392
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• 2006

To investigate physiological characteristics and genetic diversity of Rhizina undulata isolates distributed in Korea, cultural characteristics and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) of 13 Rhizina undulata isolates from Pinus densiflora and P. thunbergi stands were analyzed. There were no correlations between the host species of R. undulata isolates and the mycelial growth of R. undulata isolates on culture media supplemented with water-soluble extract from the two different host species, i.e., Pinus densiflora and P. thunbergi. Genetic diversity of genomic DNA from 13 R. undulata isolates was analyzed by RAPD using 12 random primers. There was no differentiation in RAPD profiles among the isolates from Korea. But, there was some differentiation in RAPD profiles between Korean isolates and Japanese isolates, with 88% homology by phylogenetic tree analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.194-199
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-obesity effects of Lentinus edodes water extract powder (LEP) in mice fed a high fat diet (HF, 45% kcal fat). Mice were administrated a HF diet supplemented with 1%, 3%, or 5% LEP for 12 weeks. Consumption of HF diet caused increases in body weight, serum lipid profiles, and adipose tissue weights. Serum TC and TG levels in the LEP-supplemented groups were lower than those in the NC group. Supplementation with 5% LEP significantly suppressed body weight gain and reduced the weight of subcutaneous adipose tissue compared to the HF group. HF diet ingestion resulted in higher lipid content and increased lipid peroxidation in the liver. However, LEP supplementation inhibited accumulation of hepatic lipids induced by HF diet, considerably decreased MDA levels, and elevated total antioxidant activity in the livers of mice in the 5% LEP group. Histopathological analysis indicated that the livers of mice fed HF diet developed hepatic steatosis, whereas LEP-treated groups showed small fat droplets. These results suggest that long-term supplementation with LEP may also have an ameliorating effect on HF-induced obesity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.318-322
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• 2014

5-Alpha reductase II, which converts testosterone (T) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), is a crucial enzyme II in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Inhibitory effects of Curcuma longa L. (CL) extracts on 5-alpha reductase II activity were investigated in rat prostate tissue homogenates as well as LNCaP cells expressing human 5-alpha reductase II. Hot water extract (CL-HW) of Curcuma longa L. significantly inhibited 5-alpha reductase activity by over 80% at a concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$, whereas 20% ethanol extracts (CL-E20) of Curcuma longa L. exhibited significant inhibitory activity from $50{\mu}g/mL$. These results indicated that Curcuma longa L is a potent 5-alpha reductase II inhibitor for benign prostatic hyperplasia treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.12
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• pp.1763-1770
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• 2015

The effects of root of Taraxacum coreanum Nakai (TC), on the suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in ICR mice were studied. LPS (10 mg/kg body weight) was injected into ICR mice in between two consecutive oral administrations. Hot water extract of fresh TC (HWETC) was administered to mice immediately before and 24 h after LPS injection. The animal groups used in this study were as follows: NOR group (PBS injection, DW administration), CON group (LPS injection, DW administration), and TC group (LPS injection, 1.4 g/kg bw of HWETC administration). Mice in the CON group lost weight due to inflammation induced by LPS, while the body weight of the TC group mice increased significantly, indicating that inflammation was inhibited by HWETC administration. Compare with the CON group, plasma and hepatic triglyceride, reactive oxygen species, peroxynitrite, and hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentrations of the TC group decreased significantly (P<0.05). The protein expression of a pro-inflammatory transcription factor, nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ ($NF-{\kappa}B$) and its target enzyme, cyclooxygenase 2, increased in response to LPS injection, but was suppressed by HWETC administration (P<0.05). In conclusion, HWETC appears to ameliorate the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses induced by LPS via inhibition of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation.