References
- Bargel, H., Koch, K., Cerman, Z. (2006) Structure - function relationships of the plant cuticle and cuticular waxes - a smart material? Functional Plant Biology 33, 893-910. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP06139
- Beckett, K.P., Freer-Smith, P., Taylor, G. (2000) Effective tree species for local air-quality management. Journal of Arboriculture 26, 12-19.
- Cape, J.N., Paterson, I.S., Wolfenden, J. (1989) Regional variation in surface properties of Norway spruce and Scots pine needles in relation to forest decline. Environmental Pollution 58, 325-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(89)90143-7
- Cerqueira, M., Pio, C., Legrand, M., Puxbaum, H., Kasper- Giebl, A., Afonso, J., Preunkert, S., Gelencsér, A., Fialho, P. (2010) Particulate carbon in precipitation at European background sites. Aerosol Science 41, 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.08.002
- larke, A.D., Noone, K.J. (1985) Soot in the Arctic snowpack: A cause for perturbations in radiative transfer. Atmospheric Environment 19, 2045-2053. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90113-1
- Doherty, S.J., Warren, S.G., Grenfell, T.C., Clarke, A.D., Brandt, R.E. (2010) Light-absorbing impurities in Arctic snow. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, 11647-11680. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11647-2010
- Dzier. zanowski, K., Popek, R., Gawro´nska, H., Saebo, A., Gawro'nski, S.W. (2011) Deposition of particulate matter of different size fractions on leaf surfaces and in waxes of urban forest species. International Journal of Phytoremediation 13, 1037-1046. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2011.552929
- Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D.W., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D.C., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schulz, M., Van Dorland, R. (2007) Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L. Eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
- Harada, R., Akabane, T. (2011) Carbon powders, method for producing the same and rubber composition. Japanese Patent Publication, JP2011162596.
- Hirano, T., Kiyota, M., Aiga, I. (1991) The effects of dust by covering and plugging stomata and by increasing leaf temperature on photosynthetic rate of plant leaves. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 46, 215-222. (in Japanese with English summary) https://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.46.215
- Hirano, T., Kiyota, M., Aiga, I. (1995). Physical effects of dust on leaf physiology of cucumber and kidney bean plants. Environmental Pollution 89, 255-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)00075-O
- Hitzenberger, R., Dusek, U., Berner, A. (1996) Black carbon measurements using an integrating sphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 101, 19601-19606. https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD02412
- Hitzenberger, R., Petzold, A., Bauer, H., Ctyroky, P., Pouresmaeil, P., Laskus, L., Puxbaum, H. (2006) Intercomparison of thermal and optical measurement methods for elemental carbon and black carbon at an urban location. Environmental Science and Technology 40, 6377-6383. https://doi.org/10.1021/es051228v
- Izuta, T., Funada, R. (2010). Toward the clarification of the effects of aerosol on forests in East Asia. Hoppo Ringyo 62, 5-8. (in Japanese)
- Larcher, W. (2003) Physiological plant ecology, 4th ed. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
- Lenggoro, I.W., Xia, B., Okuyama, K. (2002) Sizing of colloidal nanoparticles by electrospray and differential mobility analyzer methods. Langmuir 18, 4584-4591. https://doi.org/10.1021/la015667t
- Matsuda, K., Sase, H., Murao, N., Fukazawa, T., Khoomsub, K., Chanonmuang, P., Visaratana, T., Khummongkol, P. (2012) Dry and wet deposition of elemental carbon on a tropical forest in Thailand. Atmospheric Environment 54, 282-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.022
- MOE(Ministry of the Environment in Japan) (2007) Measuring Method Manual for Atmospheric Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) (in Japanese). MOE (Ministry of the Environment in Japan), Tokyo, Japan.
- Ogren, J.A., Charlson, R.J. (1983) Determination of elemental carbon in rainwater. Analytical Chemistry 55, 1569-1572. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00260a027
- Ohara, T., Akimoto, H., Kurokawa, J., Horii, N., Yamaji, K., Yan, X., Hayasaka, T. (2007) An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980-2020. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, 4419-4444. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4419-2007
- Ramanathan, V., Carmichael, G. (2008) Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon. Nature Geoscience 1, 221-227. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo156
- Reisinger, P., Wonaschütz, A., Hitzenberger, R., Petzold, A., Bauer, H., Jankowski, N., Puxbaum, H., Chi, X., Maenhaut, W. (2008) Intercomparison of measurement techniques for black or elemental carbon under urban background conditions in wintertime: Influence of biomass combustion. Environmental Science and Technology 42, 884-889. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0715041
- Saebo, A., Popek, R., Nawrot, B., Hanslin, H.M., Gawronska, H., Gawronski, S.W. (2012) Plant species differences in particulate matter accumulation on leaf surfaces. Science of the Total Environment 427-428, 347-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.084
- Samuels, L., Kunst, L., Jetter, R. (2008) Sealing plant surfaces: Cuticular wax formation by epidermal cells. Annual Review of Plant Biology 59, 683-707. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.103006.093219
- Sase, H., Takamatsu, T., Yoshida, T. (1998) Variation in amount and elemental composition of epicuticular wax in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) leaves associated with natural environmental factors. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, 87-97.
- Schmid, H., Laskus, L., Abraham, H.J., Baltensperger, U., Lavanchy, V., Bizjak, M., Burba, P., Cachier, H., Crow, D., Chow, J., Gnauk, T., Even, A., ten Brink, H.M., Giesen, K.-P., Hitzenberger, R., Hueglin, C., Maenhaut, W., Pio, C., Carvalho, A., Putaud, J.-P., Toom-Sauntry, D., Puxbaum, H. (2001) Results of the "carbon conference" international aerosol carbon round robin test stage I. Atmospheric Environment 35, 2111-2121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00493-3
- Takamatsu, T., Sase, H., Takada, J. (2001) Some physiological properties of Cryptomeria japonica leaves from Kanto, Japan: potential factors causing tree decline. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, 663-672. https://doi.org/10.1139/x00-204
- Takamatsu, T., Takada, J., Matsushita, R., Sase, H. (2000) Aerosol elements on tree leaves -Antimony as a possible indicator of air pollution- Global Environmental Research 4, 49-60.
- Turunen, M., Huttunen, S., Percy, K.E., McLaughlin, C. K., Lamppu, J. (1997) Epicuticular wax of subarctic scots pine needles: response to sulphur and heavy metal deposition. New Phytologist 135, 501-515. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00675.x
- Wang, W.-N., Purwanto, A., Lenggoro, I.W., Okuyama, K., Chang, H., Jang, H.D. (2008) Investigation on the correlations between droplet and particle size distribution in ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 47, 1650-1659. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie070821d
- WHO (World Health Organization) (2012) Health effects of black carbon. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Bonn.