• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.169-178
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• 2024

This study aimed to investigate the effects of water depth and speed on the activation of lower muscles during squat exercises, utilizing electromyography(EMG). It involved ten male participants in there. Participants performed 30 squats over a minute at a speed of 60bpm and maximum speed squats until exhaustion within a minute. The Integrated electromyography(iEMG) readings for the rectus femoris showed statistically significant differences due to water depth and speed, with a significant interaction effect between depth and speed during squat exercises. The iEMG readings for the biceps femoris also showed statistically significant differences, with a significant interaction effect between depth and speed during squat exercises. The iEMG readings for the gastrocnemius showed statistically significant differences according to water depth and speed. However, the interaction effect of water depth and speed during squat exercises did not show a statistically significant difference. In contrast, the iEMG readings for the tibialis anterior demonstrated statistically significant differences, with a statistically significant interaction effect during squats. These findings suggest that water depth and speed positively influence the activation patterns of lower muscles. Therefore, appropriately tailored aquatic exercises based on water depth for individuals with musculoskeletal discomfort, including the elderly or those with physical impairments, can effectively reduce physical strain and enhance balance, as well as physical and perceptual aspects. It is concluded that such exercises could provide a safer and more effective method of exercise compared to ground-based alternatives.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 2024

The towing distance, which is speed over the ground, and the water flow quantity, which is speed through the water, were used when estimating the amount of Metapenaeus joyneri resources that rose to the surface at night using the swept area method in order to compare and analyze the difference. It was conducted using a shrimp dredge, trial fishing gear for catching Metapenaeus joyneri. Catch during the entire survey period was 188.9 kg. Monthly catch ranged from 3.1 to 109.2 kg, highest in June and lowest in September. The swept volume calculated using the speed over the ground was about 13% higher than using the speed through the water. Metapenaeus joyneri resources estimated using the towing distance ranged from 320.1 to 14,649.8 kg. Resources estimated using the water flow quantity ranged from 278.5 to 12,886.3 kg. Therefore, the amount of Metapenaeus joyneri resources estimated using the speed over the ground was about 14% higher than the method using the speed through the water, indicating that the amount of resources was overestimated.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.30-36
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• 2011

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the refrigerant charge amount on the performance of a water-to-water ground source heat pump with a variation of compressor speed and the secondary fluid flow rate. The water-to-water ground source heat pump was tested by varying refrigerant charge amount from -40% to 20% of full charge. Compressor speed was changed from 30 Hz to 75 Hz and the secondary fluid flow rate was adjusted from 6 LPM to 14 LPM. For all test conditions, EWTs of an indoor heat exchanger and an outdoor heat exchanger were maintained at standard conditions of ISO 13256-2. The slope of the COP with the variation of charge amount is much steeper at undercharged conditions than that at overcharged conditions. For all compressor speed, the variation of the system performance according to charge amounts showed the similar trends. However, the optimum charge amount of the system increased a little with an increment of compressor speed. When the secondary fluid flow rate decreased, the system was optimized at higher refrigerant charge amount conditions.

• Special Issue of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• 2015.09a
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• pp.28-33
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• 2015

Speed log measurement has always been of utmost importance to the mariners. To date the most accurate maritime speed measurement comes from Doppler measurement, where speed may be measured relative to either water(speed through water) or seabed(speed over ground). Recently, a clarification has been issued by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) regarding the speed measuring devices, which could ultimately impact the final arrangement of these devices for ships being constructed after July 1, 2014. This paper will discuss the clarification in depth and necessary action which shall be taken by the owners and operators of the ships impacted.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.445-452
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• 2001

Generally, OPC(ordinary portland cement) is used for grouting in Korea, and bentonite has usually been added to prevent the deposition of cement particles. The dispersion of CB(cement bentonite) grout is influenced by variable factors i.e. water to cement ratio, particle size of cement, kind of bentonite, adding volume, methods of adding, viscosity of CB grout materials and curdling time. Among variable factors, the viscosity of CB grout materials is influenced by the dispersion, and dispersion is improved as increasing the mixing speed. In this paper, described a suitable mixing speed of the High Speed Mixer in field, engineering characteristics of CB grout materials vary with the water to cement ratio and the mixing speed as well as confirming the state of dispersion.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.305-324
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• 2016

Wave load prediction at zero forward speed using finite depth Green function is a well-established method regularly used in the offshore and marine industry. The forward speed approximation in deep water condition, although with limitations, is also found to be quite useful for engineering applications. However, analysis of vessels with forward speed in finite water depth still requires efficient computing methods. In this paper, a method for analysis of wave induced forces and corresponding motion on freely floating three-dimensional bodies with low to moderate forward speed is presented. A finite depth Green function is developed and incorporated in a 3D frequency domain potential flow based tool to allow consideration of finite (or shallow) water depth conditions. First order forces and moments and mean second order forces and moments in six degree of freedom are obtained. The effect of hull flare angle in predicting added resistance is incorporated. This implementation provides the unique capability of predicting added resistance in finite water depth with flare angle effect using a Green function approach. The results are validated using a half immersed sphere and S-175 ship. Finally, the effect of finite depth on a tanker with forward speed is presented.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.92-101
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• 1994

Water jet has been employed in extraacton of minerals for many years but the applications of low pressure jent s ar emodfined to some fields. With increasing strength of equipment it is possible to consider the use of high speed water jets for cutting hard rock. The high speed water jet technology is applied to various engineering fiels such as precessing rocks, quarrying rocks, mechanical fracturing as wel as rock excavation under the sea. For slot cutting in rocks with high speed water jets it is necessary to establish the empirical formula for estiamation of the cutting depth. The cutting depth is influenced by cutting parameters such as driving pressure, traverse speed, standoff distance, and shape and diameter of nozzel. Tests were carried out with a variety of cutting parameters on three types of granite. Nozzle pressures ranged from 1,200 to 2,800 bar, traverse speeds from 0.45 to 10.38 cm/min, standoff distances from 4.5 to 13.5 mm, and three types of nozzle diameter were used.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.443-449
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to propose an enhanced variable-speed control method of ground-water circulation pumps using inlet and outlet ground-water temperature difference and analyze its effect for the ground source multi-heat pump system installed in a single-family house. As a result, it has shown to significantly reduce the electricity use of ground-water circulation pump and improve overall system Coefficient of Performance (COP) due to the proposed variable-speed control under partial load conditions after oversized and inefficient single-speed pump retrofit.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 1983

This study was carried out to investigate the possibility of improving the performance of a kerosene engine with water addition. The engine used in this study was a single-cylinder, four-cycle kerosene engine with the compression ratio of 4.5. Water could be successfully added into the inlet manifold by an extra carburetor for the volumetric ratios of 5, 10, 20, and 30 percents. Variable speed tests at wide-open throttle were performed for five speed levels in the range of 1,000 to 2,200rpm for each fuel type. Volumetric efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption were determined, and brake thermal efficiency based on the lower heats of combustion of kerosene was calculated. To examine variation in fuel consumption, CO concentration, and cooling water temperature, part load tests were also performed. The results obtained are summarized as follow. (1) Brake torque increased almost in proportion to volumetric efficiency. But the ratio of increase in torque was greater than that of volumetric efficiency. Mean torque over the speed range of 1,000 to 2,200rpm increased 1, 3, 7, and 2 percents for 5, 10, 20, and 30 percents water addition, respectively. The increase in brake torque with water addition was greater at lower speeds. (2) Mean brake specific fuel consumption over the speed range of 1,000 to 2,200rpm decreased 1, 2, 3, and 3 percents for 5, 10, 20, and 30 percents water addition, respectively. (3) Mean temperature of cooling water over the speed range of 1,000 to 2,200rpm decreased 2, 4, 8, and 12 percents for 5, 10, 20, and 30 percents water addition, respectively. (4) The effects of decreasing CO concentration in the exhaust emissions with water addition were significant. At the speed range of 1,000 to 2,200rpm, CO concentration in the exhaust emissions decreased 2, 10, 23, percents for 5, 10, and 20 percents water addition, respectively. (5) Deposits were not discovered in the combustion chamber during the experiment. However, a little rust was formed in the water-supply carburetor.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.1-11
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• 2004

In this paper, the resistance characteristics of high-speed ship are studied in the region of shallow water condition. For the purpose of this research, model tests in a ship model basin are carried out with an equipment for the satisfaction of shallow water condition, and the computions of wave resistance characteristics and the flow simulations around a ship hull are performed by Michell's thin ship theory and a finite difference method based on MAC scheme, respectively. The calculation results for the resistance and flow characteristics of a ship hull are compared with those from the model tests in deep and shallow water conditions. From the comparison results, it is known that the variation of wave pattern around a ship hull caused by shallow water condition has the most influence to the resistance characteristics of a high-speed ship advancing on shallow water.