• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.69-76
• /
• 2018

본 연구에서는 유정용 강관의 열처리 조건 및 합금원소(B, Ti)에 따른 미세조직 및 기계적 성질을 조사하였다. 실험에는 J55, J55+B,Ti 강재를 사용하였고, 열처리 조건은 각각 오스테나이트 처리온도 ($880^{\circ}C$, $910^{\circ}C$, $940^{\circ}C$), 냉각방식 (수냉, 유냉), 템퍼링 온도 (미실시, $550^{\circ}C$, $650^{\circ}C$) 이다. 열처리 조건에 따라 얻어지는 미세조직을 예측하기 위해 J55, J55+B,Ti 강재의 화학적 성분을 기준으로 평형상태도와 CCT 곡선을 예측하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과 평형상태도는 A1, A3 온도가 약 $20^{\circ}C$ 감소하였고, CCT 곡선은 B, Ti이 첨가됨에 따라 ferrite와 bainite nose 부분이 오른쪽으로 이동하였다. J55, J55+B,Ti 강재의 CCT 곡선을 기준으로 냉각속도에 따른 martensite, bainite, ferrite등 예상되는 미세조직을 예측하였고, J55 강재의 미세조직 예측값은 실제 실험값과 유사한 양상을 나타내었지만. J55+B,Ti 강재의 예측값은 실제 실험값과는 차이가 있었다. 열처리 조건이 변화됨에 따라 martensite, bainite, ferrite 등 다양한 조직이 생성되었으며, 이는 경도, 강도 및 연신율에 밀접한 영향을 미쳤다. J55시편의 수냉의 경우 martensite 조직이 형성되었고, 유냉의 경우 bainite와 ferrite 조직이 형성되었지만, J55+B,Ti시편은 B의 첨가에 의한 경화능 향상으로 냉각방식에 관계없이 martensite 조직이 형성되었다. 전반적으로 B, Ti을 첨가하면서 기계적 성질은 향상되었고, quenching 이후의 시편보다 tempering 이후의 시편에서 크게 향상되었다. 이는 Ti의 첨가로 인해 생성된 미세한 석출물이 재결정시 결정립 성장을 억제하여 미세한 오스테나이트 결정립을 생성하였고, tempering 열처리 이후에도 결정립 미세화 효과가 큰 영향을 미친 것으로 판단된다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.137-142
• /
• 1986

The luminescence spectra of $Ru(bpy)_3^{2+}$ in poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) solutions varied sensitively with pH. At pH < 5.5, the emission intensity increased with pH up to 4 times, while it decreased with pH beyond the pH. The enhanced emission intensity was accompanied by blue-shift of the emission maxima as much as 15 nm. The enhancement of emission intensity was attributed to the restricted rotational mobility of ligand of the cation bound to densely coiled PMA molecules at pH < 5.5. The sharp decrease in emission intensity with increasing pH near pH 5.6 was accounted for conformational transition of the polymer to more extended structure, which was also revealed in viscosity measurement. The enhancement of emission intensity became higher as NaCl concentration of the solution increased. The binding constant of $Ru(bpy)_3^{2+}$ with two carboxylate groups of PMA was calculated as $2{\times}10^5\;M^{-1}$ in 0.1 M NaCl at pH 5.2. The pH dependence of luminescence quenching rate of $Ru(bpy)_3^{2+}$ by $Cu^{++}$ also showed maximum near pH 5, and the rate was more than $10^3$ times higher than that in water, whereas the maximum enhancement of quenching rate (about 20 times) in poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) solution occurred at pH 4.5. On the other hand, the pH dependence for neutral water soluble nitrobenzene (NB) exhibited opposite trend to that of $Cu^{++}$. The quenching constant vs pH curve for $MV^{++}$ was composite of those for $Cu^{++}$ and NB. The anomalous high quenching rate for $Cu^{++}$ in PMA solution at pH < 5.5 was attributed to the binding of $Ru(bpy)_3^{2+}$ and $Cu^{++}$ to the same region of PMA, when it conforms densely coiled structure in the pH range. The observation of mininium quenching rate for NB near pH 5.5 indicated that the $Ru(bpy)_3^{2+}$ bound to the densely coiled PMA is not accessible by NB, which is in bulk water phase. The composite nature of the pH dependence of quenching rate for $MV^{++}$ in PMA solution was attributed to the smaller binding affinity of the cation to PMA, compared to that of $Cu^{++}$. The sharp, cooperative conformational transition with pH observed in PMA was not revealed in PAA. But, the pH dependence of quenching rates in this polymer reflected increased charge density and, thus, binding of cations to the polymer, and expansion of the polymer chain with pH.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.80-87
• /
• 2022

Purpose: Proton therapy has different relative biological effectiveness (RBE) compared with X-ray treatment, which is the standard in radiation therapy, and the fixed RBE value of 1.1 is widely used. However, RBE depends on a charged particle's linear energy transfer (LET); therefore, measuring LET is important. We have developed a LET measurement method using the inefficiency characteristic of an EBT3 film on a proton beam's Bragg peak (BP) region. Methods: A Gafchromic EBT3 film was used to measure the proton beam LET. It measured the dose at a 10-cm pristine BP proton beam in water to determine the quenching factor of the EBT3 film as a reference beam condition. Monte Carlo (MC) calculations of dose-averaged LET (LET_d) were used to determine the quenching factor and validation. The dose-averaged LETs at the 12-, 16-, and 20-cm pristine BP proton beam in water were calculated with the quenching factor. Results: Using the passive scattering proton beam nozzle of the National Cancer Center in Korea, the LET_d was measured for each beam range. The quenching factor was determined to be 26.15 with 0.3% uncertainty under the reference beam condition. The dose-averaged LETs were measured for each test beam condition. Conclusions: We developed a method for measuring the proton beam LET using an EBT3 film. This study showed that the magnitude of the quenching effect can be estimated using only one beam range, and the quenching factor determined under the reference condition can be applied to any therapeutic proton beam range.

• 한국기계가공학회지
• /
• 제9권6호
• /
• pp.59-65
• /
• 2010

This study deals with the characteristic of refrigerant for heat-treatment deformation control of SCM415 steel. The control of heat-treatment deformation must need the progress of production parts for an industry machine. Most of the deformation is occurred on unequal cooling. The unequal cooling is occurred by a property of quenching refrigeration. When a heated metal is deposited in the refrigeration, the cooling speed is so slow in early period of cooling because of occurring a steam-curtain. After more cooling, the steam-curtain is destroyed. In this progress, the cooling speed is very fast. The object of this study is to control the deformation of heat-treatment for the part of the industry machine by improving the conditions of quenching. The cooling curves and cooling rates of water, oil and polymer solution are obtained and illustrated. From the characteristics of the quenching refrigerant, the effects of heat-treatments on the thermal deformation and fatigue strength are also investigated.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.201-207
• /
• 2020

A new chemosensor based on a self-assembled system has been devised to detect Hg²⁺ions efficiently. We demonstrated that the amphiphilic building blocks consisting of pyrene and boronic acid (1) aggregate in aqueous solutions and provide an outstanding sensing platform for sensitive detection. The self-assembled 1 exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity for Hg²⁺ion detection via fluorescence quenching, where the Hg²⁺ion detection ensued from a fast transmetallation of 1. The Stern-Volmer (SV) quenching constant for its fluorescence quenching by Hg²⁺ions was approximately 1.58 × 10⁸ M^-1. In addition, self-assembled 1 exhibited excellent sensing abilities at nano-molar concentration levels when tap water and freshwater samples were contaminated with of Hg²⁺ ions.

• 열처리공학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.181-189
• /
• 2012

The demand on quantitative measurement of the heat flux is motivated in making higher-quality steel product through a water quenching process of plate mill. To improve a spatial degree of heat flux measurement, the multi-point heat flux measurement was carried out by a unique experimental technique that has a combination of the existing single-point heat flux gauge. The corresponding heat flux can be easily determined by Fourier's law in a conventional way. The multi-point heat flux gauge developed in this study can be applicable to measure the surface heat flux, the surface heat transfer coefficient during a water quenching applications of steelmaking process. The results exhibit different heat transfer regimes; such as single-phase forced convection, nucleate boiling, and film boiling, that are occurred in close proximity on the multi-point heat flux gauge quenched by water impinging jet.

• 소성∙가공
• /
• 제23권8호
• /
• pp.475-481
• /
• 2014

Water quenching is one method of cooling after hot forming, which is presently being used for the manufacturing of automobile parts. The formed parts at room temperature are heated and then cooled rapidly in a water bath to produce high strength. The formed parts may undergo excessive thermal distortion during the water quench. In order to predict the distortion during water quenching, a coupled thermo-mechanical simulation is needed. In the current study, the simulation of heating and cooling of boron steel cylinders was performed. The material properties for the simulation were calculated from JMatPro, and the convective heat transfer coefficient was obtained from experimental tests. The results show that the thermal distortion and the residual stresses are well predicted by the coupled simulation.

• 열처리공학회지
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.213-221
• /
• 1995

Temperature distribution, transformation and residual stresses generated during the quenching process of carbon steel. It follows many difficulties in the analytical considerations on those quenching process because of the coupling effects on temperature and metallic structures. In this paper one of the basic study on the quenching stresses was carried out for the case of the round steel bar specimen(SM45C) with 40mm both in its diameter and length. The temperature distributions considering strain hysteresis were numerically calculated by finite element technique. In calculating the transient temperature field, the heat flux between water and rod surface was determined from the heat transfer coefficient. The gradient of temperature is almost same to geometric of specimen. At early stage of the quenching process, the abrupt temperature gradient has been shown in the surface of the specimen.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제56권5호
• /
• pp.577-582
• /
• 2012

Quinine quantitative analysis, photo-bleaching, fluorescence quenching, and urine analysis have been performed by means of a UV-LED fluorometer, which can be easily built and used in a high-school laboratory. The quinine detection range is estimated to be 0.05-80 ppm, enough for many classroom luminescence experiments. The quinine content in commercial tonic water is determined from the calibration curve, and UV photo-bleaching of this anti-malarial drug is demonstrated with clear wavelength dependence. Halide quenching of quinine fluorescence is also observed and the increase in quenching efficiency in the order of $Cl^-$, $Br^-$, and $I^-$ is evident. Urine analyses for the student volunteers have been carried out and the results clearly reveal excretion of the ingested quinine. The student participants are exuberant throughout the course of this study and sense the practices resourceful.

• 열처리공학회지
• /
• 제13권5호
• /
• pp.330-336
• /
• 2000

This study deals with the characteristic of refrigerant for heat-treatment deformation control of SM45C steel. The control of heat-treatment deformation must need the progress of production parts for a landing gear. Most of the deformation is occurred on unequal cooling. The unequal cooling is occurred by a property of quenching refrigeration. When a heated metal is deposited in the refrigeration, the cooling speed is so slow in early period of cooling because of occurring a steam-curtain. After more cooling, the steam-curtain is destroyed. In this progress, the cooling speed is very fast. The object of this study is to control the deformation of heat-treatment for landing gear by improving the conditions of quenching. The cooling curves and cooling rates of water, oil and polymer solution are obtained and illustrated. From the characteristics of the quenching refrigerant, the effects of heat-treatments on thermal deformation and fatigue strength are also investigated.