• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.56-70
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• 2013

Objectives: This paper aims to investigate the seasonal deposition characteristics of water-soluble ion species by comparing the deposition amount of two samples taken according to different sampling methods of deposition for ambient aerosol such as gases and particulate matters. Methods: Deposition samples were collected using two deposition gauges in the downtown area of Iksan City over approximately two weeks of each season in 2004. The type of deposition gauges consisted of two different sampling methods known as dry gauge and a wet gauge. The dry gauge was empty and used a dry PE bottle with an inlet diameter of 9.6 cm. Before the beginning of each deposition sampling, a volume of 30-50 ml distilled ionized water was added to the wet gauge to wet the bottom during the sampling period. Deposition samples were measured twice per day and analyzed for inorganic water-soluble ion species using ion chromatography. Results: The daily deposition amounts of all measured ions in the dry gauge and the wet gauge showed a significant increase when precipitation occurred, having no difference of deposition amount between in the wet gauge and in the dry gauge. By excluding two samples from rainy days during the sampling period, the mean daily deposition of all ions in dry gauge and wet gauge were $6.58mg/m^2/day$ and $18.16mg/m^2/day$, respectively. The mean deposition amounts of each ion species were higher in the wet gauge than in the dry gauge because of the surface difference of the sampling gauge, especially for $NH_4{^+}$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$. The mean deposition amounts of $NH_4{^+}$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ in the wet gauge were found to be about 15.4 times and 5.2 times higher than that in dry gauge, with a pronounced difference between spring and summer, while the remaining ion species were 1.1-2.0 times higher in the wet gauge than in the dry gauge. Dominant species in the dry gauge were $Ca^{2+}$ and $NO_3{^-}$, accounting for 36.4% and 18.1% of the total ion deposition, whereas those in the wet gauge were $NH_4{^+}$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$, accounting for 32.5% and 25.0% of the total ion deposition, respectively. Conclusion: The seasonal differences in deposition amounts of water-soluble ion species in ambient aerosol depending on the two types of different sampling methods were identified. This suggests that the removal of ambient aerosol is strongly influenced by the weather conditions of each season as well as the condition of earth's surface, such as dry ground and water.

• 디지털콘텐츠학회 논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2015

기존의 1구 홀센서 방식의 수도 검침기는 역류 감지와 저속 흐름 감지가 어렵고 대기상태에서 전력 소모가 발생하는 등의 문제점을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 3개의 홀센서를 $120^{\circ}$간격으로 배치해 유량의 흐름을 감지하고 유량의 방향을 검출하여 국가 기술 표준 작동연한 (8년)을 충족하는 역류 검출기능을 갖는 무선 디지털 원격 수도 검침기를 제안한다. 제안하는 검침기의 동작 알고리듬은 3개의 홀센서가 유량의 속도에 상관없이 동작하며 오차없이 유량을 카운트 하도록 구성하며 홀센서에 이벤트 발생 시 RF 모듈을 통해 지정한 주파수로 수도 검침기의 ID, 현재 시간 그리고 카운트 값을 중계기 또는 중앙 관제센터에 보내고 대기모드에서 전력이 소비되지 않게 한다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.359-372
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• 2006

In order to investigate the daily deposition characteristics of water-soluble inorganic components in airborne deposit on the Iksan, deposition samples were collected using a deposition gauge from October 16 to November 1, 2004. Deposition samples were collected using two different sampling gauges, a dry gauge and a wet gauge, respectively. To get wet the bottom of wet gauge during the sampling period, the volume of $30{\sim}50ml$ distilled ionized water was added in a wet gauge before the beginning of each deposition sampling. Deposition samples were collected twice a day and analyzed for inorganic water-soluble anions ($Cl^-,\;{NO_3}^-,\;{SO_4}^{2-}$) and cations (${NH_4}^+,\;Na^+,\;K^+,\;Mg^{2+},\;Ca^{2+}$) using ion chromatography. Qualify control and quality assurance of analytical data were checked by the data obtained from reinjection of standard solution, Dionex cross check standard solutions, and random several deposition samples, and measured data was estimated to be reliable. Considering the deposition sample volume, the sampling time, the surface area of sampling container, and the ion concentration measured, the daily deposition amounts for measured ions were calculated in $mg/m^2$. The total daily deposition amounts of all measured ions for dry and wet gauge were $7.5{\pm}2.8$ and $17.7{\pm}4.2mg/m^2$, respectively. A significant increase in deposition amount during rainfall days was observed for both wet gauge and dry gauge, having no difference of deposition amount between in wet gauge and in dry gauge. The mean deposition of all ions measured in this study were higher in wet gauge than in dry gauge because of the surface difference of the sampling container, especially for ${NH_4}^+\;and\;{SO_4}^{2-}$. The mean deposition amounts of ${NH_4}^+\;and\;{SO_4}^{2-}$ in wet gauge were found to be about 10 times and 3 times higher than those in dry gauge, while the rest of the chemical species were equal or a little higher in wet gauge than in dry gauge. Dominant species in dry gauge were ${NO_3}^-\;and\;Ca^{2+}$, accounting for 21% and 28% of the total ion deposition, whereas those in wet gauge were ${SO_4}^{2-}\;and\;{NH_4}^+$, accounting for 19% and 41% of the total ion deposition, respectively.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.2745-2752
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• 2013

강우량을 측정하는데 있어서 전도형 및 중량형 강수량계가 전 세계적으로 오랫동안 사용되어 지고 있다. 그러나 종래의 강수량계는 관측오차와 자체 분해능의 한계로 인해 측정범위가 제한되는 문제가 있다. 본 논문에서 제안된 강수량계는 유량측정을 통해 강수량을 환산하는 원리를 최초로 적용하였으며, 개발된 모델을 국가공인교정기관(KOLAS)에서 표준교정시스템을 이용하여 실내실험을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 본 연구에서 개발된 강수량계는 실험조건에서 설정한 20~420 mm/H의 강우강도 구간에 걸쳐 ${\pm}2%$의 오차율을 나타냈고, 종래 대비 보다 정확하고 신뢰성 있는 측정이 가능함을 보였다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.268-274
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• 1998

열수지 경류센서에 의한 멜론의 흡수량 측정오차는 최저 0.3%에서 최대 31.8% 범위 내에 있었으며, 일사량 20MJ.m$^{-2}$ .d$^{-1}$에서는 오차가 적었으나 일사량이 이보다 많아지면 많아질수록 센서측정 경류량이 실측양액 소비량보다 적어지는 경향이었고 일사량이 적어질수록 센서측정 경류량이 실측양액 소비량보다 많아지는 경향이었다. 센서간의 오차는 최저 0.1%에서 최대 13.0%의 오차율을 보였다. 열수지센서측정 경류량은 일사량이나 온도와 고도의 부의 상관관계를 보였다. 그러므로 이를 이용 보정계수를 산출하면 보다 정확한 멜론의 경류량을 측정할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.33-44
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• 2020

This study analyzed how the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant of an apartment building affected identifying pressurized water in the pipe, making it easier to conduct internal inspection on the fire suppression system, and ensuring reliability of fire suppression. The following are the study's results: First, identifying pressurized water in the indoor firefighting pipe had a positive effect on the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. This implies that a higher level of identification of pressurized water in the indoor firefighting pipe had a positive impact on improving the installation and use of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. Second, making it easier for the fire safety officer to inspect the fire suppression system had a positive effect on the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. This suggests that if it becomes easier for the apartment building's stakeholder to conduct internal inspection or the firefighting facility manager to carry out inspection on the fire suppression system, it would have a positive effect on the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. Finally, ensuring reliability in fire suppression had a positive effect on the installation of a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant. This implies that if it becomes easier to identify pressurized water in the indoor firefighting pipe, for the fire safety officer to conduct internal inspection, or for the firefighting facility manager to carry out inspection in accordance with the fire suppression system's internal inspection requirements, it would increase reliability in fire suppression, making it more necessary to install a pressure gauge in the indoor fire hydrant.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.801-806
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• 2014

Long-term change in sea level along the eastern coast of Korea was illustrated using four tide-gauge station (Pohang, Mukho, Sokcho, Ulleung) data, water temperature and salinity. Seasonal variation in the sea level change was dominant. The sea level change by steric height derived from water temperature and salinity was relatively lower than that measured from the tide-gauge stations. Sea level rising rate per year by steric height increased with latitude. The effect of salinity(water temperature) on the sea level change is greater in winter(in summer).

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.415-425
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 준분포형 장기유출 모형인 SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)을 적용하는 경우 유출 결과의 정도를 확보하기 위한 강우계 밀도 및 소유역의 규모를 파악하였다. 다차원 강우모형인 WGR모형(Waymire 등, 1984)에 의하여 모의 발생된 강우를 SWAT모형을 통하여 유출해석한 후 다양한 소유역 규모 및 강우계 밀도에 대해 유출 오차를 분석하는 방법을 사용하였으며, 연구결과 대상유역인 용담댐 유역의 경우 적정 소유역의 평균면적 및 강우계 1개가 대표하는 면적의 적정규모는 모두 $80km^2$로 파악되었다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2022년도 학술발표회
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• pp.334-334
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• 2022

Improvement of old-fashioned rain gauge systems for automatic, timely, continuous, and accurate precipitation observation is highly essential for weather/climate prediction and natural hazards early warning, since the occurrence frequency and intensity of heavy and extreme precipitation events (especially floods) are recently getting more increase and severe worldwide due to climate change. Although rain gauge accuracy of 0.1 mm is recommended by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the traditional rain gauges in both weighting and tipping bucket types are often unable to meet that demand due to several existing technical limitations together with higher production and maintenance costs. Therefore, we aim to introduce a newly developed and cost-effective hybrid rain gauge system at 0.1 mm accuracy that combines advantages of weighting and tipping bucket types for continuous, automatic, and accurate precipitation observation, where the errors from long-term load cells and external environmental sources (e.g., winds) can be removed via an automatic drainage system and artificial intelligence-based data quality control procedure. Our rain gauge system consists of an instrument unit for measuring precipitation, a communication unit for transmitting and receiving measured precipitation signals, and a database unit for storing, processing, and analyzing precipitation data. This newly developed rain gauge was designed according to the weather instrument criteria, where precipitation amounts filled into the tipping bucket are measured considering the receiver's diameter, the maximum measurement of precipitation, drainage time, and the conductivity marking. Moreover, it is also designed to transmit the measured precipitation data stored in the PCB through RS232, RS485, and TCP/IP, together with connecting to the data logger to enable data collection and analysis based on user needs. Preliminary results from a comparison with an existing 1.0-mm tipping bucket rain gauge indicated that our developed rain gauge has an excellent performance in continuous precipitation observation with higher measurement accuracy, more correct precipitation days observed (120 days), and a lower error of roughly 27 mm occurred during the measurement period.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2015년도 학술발표회
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• pp.522-522
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• 2015

In this study, the effect of threshold applied to the radar rain rate on the comparison of the radar and rain gauge rain rate was theoretically examined. The result derived was also evaluated theoretically, using the Bernoulli random field, and empirically, using Mt. Kwanak weather radar data. The results are summarized as follows. (1) In the application to the Bernoulli random field, it was found that the comparison of the radar and rain gauge rain rate with threshold does not introduce any systematic bias. (2) The same results could also be derived in the application to Mt Kwanak weather radar data. In all cases with several radar bin sizes and thresholds considered, the bias was estimated to be far less than 10% of the mean of the rain gauge rain rate. (3) However, in the comparison with threshold applied to both the radar and rain gauge rain rate, the bias was estimated to be higher than 20%. That is, the systematic bias was introduced. This result indicates that the comparison with threshold applied to both the radar and rain gauge rain rate should not be used.