• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.139-143
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the germination and growth response by Salinities of Spergularia marina Griseb grown in the western coastal region in South Korea. The germination was investigated for 10 days at temperature $10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ in order to examine the germination of Spergularia marina Griseb by NaCl concentration 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0%. The germination of NaCl concentration 0.0~1.0% was 90% over at $15^{\circ}C$ treatment, but the germination of NaCl concentration 2.0% was 0% at all temperature treatments. To identify the growth response of Spergularia marina Griseb according to the salinity, Spergularia marina Griseb was cultivated for 8 weeks in Hoagland culture medium and sea water. In nutrient solution culture, growth was best in NaCl 50mM among 0~400 mM concentrations and in 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100% of sea water, growth was best in 12.5% (dilution ratio with fresh water) treatment. Spergularia marina Griseb's inorganic component contents according to salinity showed that $Na^+$ content increased, but contents of $K^+$, $Ca^+$, $Mg^+$ decreased. As a result, appropriate condition for Spergularia marina Griseb's germination is considered to be maintained at $15^{\circ}C$ and in less than NaCl 1.0% of salinity. When nutrient solution culture, NaCl 0.3% of treatment level is considered to be the optimum salinity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of powdered young barley leaf and its water extract on body weight and lipid metabolism in high-fat fed mice. Male mice were divided into normal group, high-fat (HF) group, high-fat group supplemented with powdered young barley leaf (HF-YBL) and high-fat group supplemented with water extract of the powdered young barley leaf (HF-WYBL). The powdered young barley leaf or its water extract was added to a standard diet based on 1% dried young barley leaf (1 g YBL/100 diet and 0.28 g WYBL/100 g diet) for 8 weeks. Supplementation of YBL and WYBL significantly reduced body weight and epididymal adipose tissue weight in high-fat fed mice. Food intake and daily energy intake were significantly lower in the YBL group than in the HF group. After 8 weeks, plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher in the HF group than in the Normal group; however, both YBL and WYBL significantly lowered those of the high-fat fed mice. The ratio of HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol of the YBL and WYBL groups were significantly elevated compared to that of HF group. Both YBL and WYBL significantly increased fecal excretion of triglyceride in high-fat fed mice, whereas they did not affect fecal cholesterol concentration. The triglyceride levels of liver, adipose tissue and heart were significantly lower in the YBL and WYBL groups than in the HF group. Supplementation of WYBL also lowered the kidney triglyceride and heart cholesterol concentrations compared to those of HF group. Hepatic lipid regulating enzyme activities, fatty acid synthase, HMG-CoA reductase and acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase, were significantly lower in the YBL and WYBL groups than in the HF group. Accordingly, these results suggest that YBL and WYBL improve plasma and organ lipid levels partly by increasing fecal lipid excretion and inhibiting fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of water extract from enzymic-treated Salicornia herbacea (Hamcho) on lipid metabolism in rats fed high cholesterol diet. Experimental rats were divided into six groups which were composed of normal diet group, normal and $2\%$ Hamcho extract diet group, high cholesterol diet group, high cholesterol and $1\%,\;2\%\;and\;4\%$ Hamcho extracts diet groups. Body weight gain and food efficiency ratio (FER) of the high cholesterol diet group were significantly increased compared to the normal diet group, while those of the high cholesterol and Hamcho extracts diet groups were decreased compared to the high cholesterol diet group. Food intake was not significantly different among all experimental groups, The serum TG content of the high cholesterol diet group was significantly increased compared to the normal diet group, but that of the high cholesterol and extracts diet group was significantly decreased in dose-dependent concentration. The liver TG, total lipid and total cholesterol contents of the high cholesterol diet group were significantly increased compared to the normal diet group, while those of the high cholesterol and $2\%\;or\;4\%$ Hamcho extracts diet groups were significantly decreased compared to the high cholesterol diet group. The serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol contents, and AI of the high cholesterol diet group were significantly increased compared to the normal diet group, while those of the high cholesterol and Hamcho extracts diet groups were decreased, and especially the high cholesterol and $4\%$ Hamcho extract diet group was significantly decreased compared to the high cholesterol diet group. Serum HDL-cholesterol contents of the high cholesterol diet group were significantly increased compared to the normal diet group. These results suggest that supplementation of water extract from enzymic-treated Salicornia herbacea may have a pronounced impact on lipid metabolism of serum and liver in the rats fed high cholesterol diet.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.4
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• pp.486-497
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• 1994

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of air pollution on Pinus thunbergii forests surrounding Sasang industrial complex in Korea. The injury index, contents of chlorophyll and mineral elements, and concentrations of water soluble sulfur in needles were investigated at sample plots surrounding industrial complex and compared with those of control far from industrial complex. The results obtained are as follows ; 1. Discoloration of Pinus thunbergii needles was severe in the vicinity of industrial complex, and the older needle age classes was the more severe its injury appeared. Injury index was increased in the vicinity of industrial complex. 2. Water-soluble sulfur concentration was high in the vicinity of industrial complex at all of needle age classes, and those of all plots were higher than that of control. 3. Chlorophyll a contents were lower at surrounding industrial complex than that at control. It was supposed that chlorophyll a was destroyed by air pollutants. Total chlorophyll contents and content ratio of chlorophyll a to b were influenced by decrease of chlorophyll a contents. 4. Phosphorus contents in needles were decreased even in remoted regions with the increase of needle age classes. Colcium contents in needles were decreased near industrial complex at all needle ages classes. 5. There were negative correlation, between injury index and chlorophyll contents, injury index and calcium contents, and there were positive correlation between injury index and calcium contents. 6. Cluster analysis was carried out to divide the injured regions on sample plots. As a result of the analysis, there were devided 3 regions, severe regions(1-8 plots), medium regions(9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17 plot), slight(13, 14, 16, 18, 19 plot and control). 7. The cross section of visible injured needle showed the destruction of mesophyll cell, sclerenchyma cell in the outside of resin duct and endodermis, partially.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.452-459
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• 1997

Effect of extraction pH on mechanical properties such as tensile strength (TS) and elongation (E) and on water vapor permeability (WVP) of soybean protein isolate (SPI) edible films extracted from soybean meal was investigated. Five pHs, acidic range (pH 2.0 and pH 3.0), neutral range (pH 7.0) and alkalic range (pH 10.0 and 12.0), were used to extract SPI. TS of the film extracted at pH 7.0 was the lowest, and WVP of $SPI_3$ (SPI extracted at pH 3) film was the lowest value among the films. The WVP of $SPI_3$ films was $3.349\;{\times}\;10^{-10}\;g{\cdot}m/m^2{\cdot}s{\cdot}Pa$ and increased to $3.871\;{\times}\;10^{-10}\;g{\cdot}m/m^2{\cdot}s{\cdot}Pa$ as film thickness increased from $55\;{\mu}m$ to $72\;{\mu}m$ thickness. Three different plasticizers (glycerol, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol) were used for $SPI_2$ (SPI extracted at pH 2) film. TS of $SPI_2$ films was 12.297 MPa and decreased to 1.356 MPa for glycerol and showed the same trend in other two plasticizers. The SPI films extracted at acidic range were shown higher mechanical properties and lower water vapor permeabilities than those of extracted at neutral and alkalic ranges. The difference of SPI film properties seemed to be attributed by 11S/7S ratio as well as protein content.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.317-343
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• 1977

This study was carried out to obtain the informations about evaporation from pot, soil temperature and soil atmosphere composition in pot, and the effect on the growth of nine ornamental species using seven different containers. The investigated containers were clay pot(CP), clay pot painted in green(CP-P), varnished clay pot(CP-V), polyethylene film inserting in clay pot(CP-PI), clay pot mulched with black polyethylene film(CP-PM), porcelain pot(POP), and plastic pot(PLP). Nine ornamental species were balsam(Impatiens balsamina), chrysanthemum(Chrysanthemum morifolium), cosmos(Cosmos bipinatus), English ivy(Hedera helix), geranium(Pelargonium zonale), kochia(Kochia scoparia var. trichophila), marigold(Tagetes patula), ornamental kale(Brassica oleraceae var. acephala), and salvia (Salvia splendens). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Dry weight of all tested species grown in PLP, POP, CP-P, CP-V and CP-PI was heavier than that of CP. 2. Plant height in nine tested species grown in PLP, POP, CP-P, CP-V, and CP-PI was taller than that of CP. 3. Geranium grown in PLP, POP, CP-P, and CP-V gave more number of leaf than that of CP. 4. The number of flower in balsam grown in PLP, POP, CP-P, CP-V and CP-PI was more than that of CP. The result from marigold was very similar to this tendency. Spike length and floret number in salvia gave the same tendency, but its spike number was not different among containers used. 5. The average diurnal evaporation from PLP and POP was about 43% of that of CP. About two third of total evaporation from CP was through pot wall. 6. The evaporation rate from the slowest to the highest was PLP, POP, CP-P, CP-V, CP-PI, CP-PM and CP. Containers inhibiting evaporation through pot wall hold more soil moisture than CP from one day after water supply. 7. The more evaporative water-loss from containers gave the lower soil temperature. The variation of soil temperature among containers was higher during the day than the night. 8. The $O_2$ concentration of soil atmosphere in CP was higher than that of nonporous containers, and the difference between them was 0.40-1.12%. The range of the $O_2$ concentration 17.95~19.62%. The $CO_2$ concentration of soil atmosphere in CP was lower than that of nonporous containers, and its range was 0.59-1.76%. This deviation in soil atmosphere composition did not influenced on the growth of plants. 9. There was a possitive correlation between the amount of soil water and the plant growth. 10. Plant grown on CP gave more total nitrogen content in top growth than that on PLP. C/N ratio was somewhat low in plant on CP. From the above results, $O_2$ and $CO_2$ concentration in soil atmosphere did not gave enough deviation to the extent which affect the plant growth. The effect of soil moisture on the plant growth using different containers was the far-most significant factor from this investigation. Therefore, it was obious that the utilization of the nonporous container might save the cost for water supply and reduce the production cost of the pot-grown ornamental plant in Korea eventually.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-34
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• 1974

The author intended to investigate external and internal changes in the cone structure, changes in water content, sugar, fat and protein during the period of seed maturation which bears a proper germinability. The experimental results can be summarized as in the following. 1. Male flowers 1) Pollen-mother cells occur as a mass from late in April to early in May, and form pollen tetrads through meiosis early and middle of May. Pollen with simple nucleus reach maturity late in May. 2) Stamen number of a male flower is almost same as the scale number of cone and is 69-102 stamens. One stamen includes 5800-7300 pollen. 3) The shape is round and elliptical, both of a pollen has air-sac with $80-91{\mu}$ in length, and has cuticlar exine and cellulose intine. 4) Pollen germinate in 68 hours at $25^{\circ}C$ with distilled water of pH 6.0, 2% sugar and 0.8% agar. 2. Female flowers 1) Ovuliferous scales grow rapidly in late April, and differentiation of ovules begins early in May. Embryo-sac-mother cells produce pollen tetrads through meiosis in the middle of May, and flower in late May. 2) The pollinated female flowers show repeated divisions of embryo-sac nucleus, and a great number of free nuclei form a mass for overwintering. Morphogenesis of isolation in the mass structure takes place from the middle of March, and that forms albuminous bodies of aivealus in early May. 3. Formation of pollinators and embryos. 1) Archegonia produce archegonial initial cells in the middle and late April, and pollinators are produced in the late April and late in early May. 2) After pollination, Oespore nuclei are seen to divide in the late May forming a layer of suspensor from the diaphragm in early June and in the middle of June. Thus this happens to show 4 pro-embryos. The organ of embryos begins to differentiate 1 pro-embryo and reachs perfect maturation in late August. 4. The growth of cones 1) In the year of flowering, strobiles grow during the period from the middle of June to the middle of July, and do not grow after the middle of August. Strobiles grow 1.6 times more in length 3.3 times short in diameter and about 22 times more weight than those of female flower in the year of flowering. 2) The cones at the adult stage grow 7 times longer in diameter, 12-15 times shorter diameter than those of strobiles after flowering. 3) Cone has 96-133 scales with the ratio of scale to be 69-80% and the length of cone is 11-13cm. Diameter is 5-8cm with 160-190g weight, and the seed number of it is 90-150 having empty seed ratio of 8-15%. 5. Formation of seed-coats 1) The layers of outer seed-coat become most for the width of $703{\mu}$ in the middle of July. At the adult stage of seed, it becomes $550-580{\mu}$ in size by decreasing moisture content. Then a horny and the cortical tissue of outer coats become differentiated. 2) The outer seed-coat of mature seeds forms epidermal cells of 3-4 layers and the stone cells of 16-21 layers. The interior part of it becomes parenchyma layer of 1 or 2 rows. 3) Inner seed-coat is formed 2 months earlier than the outer seed-coat in the middle of May, having the most width of inner seed-coat $667{\mu}$. At the adult stage it loses to $80-90{\mu}$. 6. Change in moisture content After pollination moisture content becomes gradually increased at the top in the early June and becomes markedly decreased in the middle of August. At the adult stage it shows 43~48% in cone, 23~25% in the outer seed-coat, 32~37% in the inner seed-coat, 23~26% in the inner seed-coat and endosperm and embryo, 21~24% in the embryo and endosperm, 36~40% in the embryos. 7. The content compositions of seed 1) Fat contents become gradually increased after the early May, at the adult stage it occupies 65~85% more fat than walnut and palm. Embryo includes 78.8% fat, and 57.0% fat in endosperm. 2) Sugar content after pollination becomes greatly increased as in the case of reducing sugar, while non-reducing sugar becomes increased in the early June. 3) Crude protein content becomes gradually increased after the early May, and at the adult stage it becomes 48.8%. Endosperm is made up with more protein than embryo. 8. The test of germination The collected optimum period of Pinus koraiensis seeds at an adequate maturity was collected in the early September, and used for the germination test of reduction-method and embryo culture. Seeds were taken at the interval of 7 days from the middle of July to the middle of September for the germination test at germination apparatus.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.242-252
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• 1984

A port experiment was conducted to compare the effect of chemical forms of nitrogen fertilizers on the rice growth and soil characteristics. The nitrogen fertilizers used for this study were ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride and urea. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The differences in pH of the soil and surface water between treatments during the first week after fertilizer application were great and the pH values were in the order of urea > ammonium nitrate > ammonium sulfate > ammonium chloride treatment. However the differences were insignificant after the first week. 2. The differences in pH of the air-dried soil somewhat increased and pH values were in the order of urea > ammonium nitrate > ammonium chloride > ammonium sulfate treatment. 3. Sulfur contents of the soil and the rice leaf and N content of the rice leaf were highest when ammonium sulfate was applied. But there were few differences between the treatments in total N content of the soil and in P, K, Ca and Mg contents of the soil and the rice leaf. 4. Number of tillers and dry matter weight of the rice plant were highest in ammonium sulfate plot throughout all the growing stages. 5. Number of panicle per hill was highest in ammonium sulfate plot, and this brought the highest grain yield in ammonium sulfate plot. The lowest grain yield in ammonium nitrate plot resulted from the lowest number of panicle per hill and ripened grain ratio.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.395-405
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• 2012

Lipozyme TL IM-catalyzed esterification was carried out to produce functional hard fat (structured lipid, SL) using palm stearin (PS) and hydrolysate of pomegranate seed oil (HPSO) of 1:6 molar ratio. HPSO contained conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA, about 80%). The reaction was performed at non-solvent system and solvent (n-hexane) system using Lipozyme TL IM (10% of total substrates, w/w) for 12, 24, and 72 hr in a shaking water bath ($55^{\circ}C$ and 185 rpm), respectively. SL synthesized in non-solvent system (NH-SL) and SL synthesized in n-hexane system (H-SL) were refined after deacidification, respectively. Their physicochemical properties were compared to obtain desirable functional hard fat. The content of CLnA in NH-SL increased from 34.38% to 40.63% with increasing reaction time. Similar results also observed in H-SL resulting in 36.81~45.83% of CLnA. In triacylglycerol (TAG) composition, the main molecules of LnLnLn (Ln=linolenic acid, PN=36) and the LnLnP (P=palmitic acid, PN=40) were newly synthesized in NH-SL and H-SL with increasing reaction time. After 72 hr reaction, iodine values of NH-SL (136.49) and H-SL (140.37) showed high values because of the high content of CLnA. Solid fat index (SFI) in NH-SL was higher than that in H-SL at each measured temperature. The predominant polymorphic forms of NH-SL and H-SL obtained after esterification for 72 hr were the desirable crystalline structure of the ${\beta}$' form.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.45-51
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• 1975

The morphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of planosols in Korea were studied in an effort to establish the suitabilition of the planosols for agricultural development. The Yeongog series which are planosols were established in Korea. Results from the Yeongog series are briefly as follows : 1. Morphologically, the surface soils are brown to dark brown friable loam and subsoils are of varied colors but mainly are dark brown, black and pale brown mottles. The texture of these horizons are silty clay loam with moderate to strong platy structure and clay cutans are on the ped faces. The consistences of these horizons are extremely compact and hard when moist and sticky, plastic when wet. The substrata show varied soil colors and loam to clay loam. 2. Physically, the clay content of the Yeongog soils is highest in the subsoils and gradually decreases below the subsoils. Water holding capacity and bulk desity is higher than in other mineral soils. 3. Chemically, the organic matter content is low and soil reaction ranges from very strongly to strongly acid. The cation exchange capacity is medium and base saturation a high. Active iron, easily reducible manganese and available silicate are high compared with normal soils. 4. In chemical composition of clay fraction of the Yeongog series, sesquioxide ratio, $Fe_2O_3$, $K_2O$ and MgO are high. The cation exchange capacity of the clay fraction is also very high. 5. The clay minerals in Yeongog series are mainly kaoline, vermiculite with Al interlayers and illite. The quarts, primary minerals are in the Yeongog soils. 6. These soils are formed in a warm, humid climate under native grasses on the terraces and rolling or hilly footslopes. In soil classification, the Yeongog soils are classified planosols with claypan. According to 7th approximation system in U.S.A., the Yeongog series are classified as Fragiudalfs because they have an argillic horizon, a hard pan and a high base saturation which is more than 35 percent and classified as Eutric Planosols by FAO/UNESCO classification system.