• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.901-906
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• 2010

The improvement of the fermentation quality of rice straw silage by application of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and glucose was investigated in this study. Sixteen rice varieties were harvested at the maturity stage and the rice straw was ensiled with LAB inoculant ($1{\times}10^5$ cfu/g of fresh weight) and glucose (2% of fresh weight). Inoculation with LAB improved the fermentation as reflected in reductions in pH, acetic acid (by 3.7 to 78.3%), butyric acid (by -6.0 to 100.0%) and ammonia nitrogen (by 1.0 to 71.7%) concentrations, and increases in lactic acid (by 43.9 to 282.9%) and crude protein concentrations compared with the control. Application of LAB plus glucose was more effective in improving fermentation quality than LAB alone. The variety of rice straw which contained relatively high levels of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) tended to obtain better fermentation quality. The results suggested that LAB application and selection of rice varieties whose straw contained high levels of WSC were effective in improvement of the fermentation quality of rice straw silage.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.403-409
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• 2008

Eclipta prostrata grows abundantly in the tropical and the sub-tropical parts of the world including most part of the Korean Peninsula. The plant has been traditionally used for the treatment of a number of inflammatory diseases including hepatitis and enteritis but the nature of its immuno-modulating activity needs more studies. In this study, water-soluble sugar-containing fractions were purified from the herb and their effects on the culture of mouse splenocytes were examined. One of the fractions significantly suppressed apoptosis of the splenocytes in culture, which involves the gene expression regulation of a number of cytokines and cytokine receptors including MIP1-$\beta$. This study could explain an immunological activity of Eclipta prostrata and would lead to identify an immuno-active compound from the plant.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.1156-1168
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• 2020

Drought stress is threatening the growth and productivity of many economical crops. Therefore, it is necessary to establish innovative and efficient approaches for improving crop growth and productivity. Here we investigated the potentials of the cell-free extract of Actinobacteria (Ac) isolated from a semi-arid habitat (Al-Jouf region, Saudi Arabia) to recover the reduction in maize growth and improve the physiological stress tolerance induced by drought. Three Ac isolates were screened for production of secondary metabolites, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The isolate Ac3 revealed the highest levels of flavonoids, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in addition to having abilities to produce siderophores and phytohormones. Based on seed germination experiment, the selected bioactive fraction of Ac3 cell-free extract (F2.7, containing mainly isoquercetin), increased the growth and photosynthesis rate under drought stress. Moreover, F2.7 application significantly alleviated drought stress-induced increases in H₂O₂, lipid peroxidation (MDA) and protein oxidation (protein carbonyls). It also increased total antioxidant power and molecular antioxidant levels (total ascorbate, glutathione and tocopherols). F2.7 improved the primary metabolism of stressed maize plants; for example, it increased in several individuals of soluble carbohydrates, organic acids, amino acids, and fatty acids. Interestingly, to reduce stress impact, F2.7 accumulated some compatible solutes including total soluble sugars, sucrose and proline. Hence, this comprehensive assessment recommends the potentials of actinobacterial cell-free extract as an alternative ecofriendly approach to improve crop growth and quality under water deficit conditions.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.239-248
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• 2006

Improvements in understanding the effects of dietary fermentable carbohydrates and their interaction with supplemental feed enzymes and the feed manufacturing process may lead to reductions in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from poultry manure. Starch digestibility has been improved by replacing ground wheat or barley with whole wheat or barley, but there was no consistent effect of cereal species or feed form on the pH value of the gizzard contents. Pelleting results in improvements in feed conversion from 0 to 12%. Starch digestibility has been reported to account for up to 35 % of the improvement in available metabolic energy as a result of xylase supplementation. Factors which affect starch utilization and non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) absorption include the presence of anti-nutrient facto. (ANF) in grains, the nature of grain starch, NSP and the digestive capacity of animals. Improvements in feed production technology have been made in enzyme stabilization, allowing some dry enzyme products to be pelleted after conditioning at up to $87.69^{\circ}C$ and liquid enzymes to be stored in the feed mill for up to low months prior to use. The soluble NSP, arabinokylans and beta-glucans are partially degraded into smaller fragments by enzymes. With fragmentation, the water holding capacity is decreased, which leads to a reduction in digesta moisture, wet feces, and dirty eggs from hens fed diets containing viscosity-inducing ingredients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.691-700
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• 2004

This study was conducted to examine the proximate composition, alginic acid and mineral contents and the types of calcium and magnesium in the parts(frond, stipe, sporophyll) of sea mustards. Carbohydrates and the crude fat was the highest in sporophyll. The contents of alginic acid were $25.9{\sim}32.2%$. Total alginic acid(32.2%) and insoluble alginic acid in water(27.7%) was e highest in sporophyll. Calcium and magnesium was the highest in frond. Phosphorous, potassium and sulfur was the highest in sporophyll. Iron, zinc and mangane was the highest in frond. Ca/P ratio in frond and stipe was about $1.7{\sim}1.8:1$ levels. Calcium and magnesium soluble in sodium chloride was the highest in sea mustards. Calcium and magnesium soluble in water was the highest in frond. Calcium and magnesium soluble in hydrochloric acid was the highest in sporophyll.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.232-242
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• 2002

To investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus intraradices) colonization on drought-stress tolerance, leaf water potential, chlorophyll concentration, P content and carbohydrate composition were examined in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) plants exposed to drought-stressed or well-watered conditions. Drought stress significantly decreased leaf water potential, P content and leaf growth. These drought-induced damages were moderated by mycorrhizal colonization. Drought stress decreased the concentration of soluble sugars in shoots. AM plants had a higher foliar soluble sugar than non-AM plants under drought stress condition. Drought stress depressed the accumulation of starch and fructan in shoots, but stimulated in roots. Under drought-stressed condition, starch concentration in roots was higher in non-AM plants than in AM plants. Fructan was the largest pool of carbohydrates, showing the highest initial concentration and the highest net increase for 28 days of treatment. Drought stress slightly decreased fructan concentration in shoots, but remarkably increased in roots. Under drought-stressed condition, fructan concentrations in non-AM and AM shoots at day 28 were 18.7% and 13.3% lower than the corresponding values measured at well-watered plants. However, in the roots, fructan accumulation caused by drought was lessen 13.6% by mycorrhizal colonization. The results obtained suggest that mycorrhizal colonization improves drought tolerance of the host plants by maintaining higher leaf water status and P status, and by retaining more foliar soluble sugars.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.171-180
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to determine the possibility of using Flos Sophora japonica as natural health food source. To accomplish this purpose, the contents of general and antioxidative nutrients of Flos Sophora japonica a were measured. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash are 67.76%, 19.87%, 4.61% and 7.76%. And the calories of Flos Sophora japonica Linne was 318.32 Kcal. Total dietary fiber was 25.35% of total carbohydrates. The percentages of water soluble dietary fiber to insoluble dietary fiber were 1.80 % and 23.56 %, respectively. The protein were contained total 18 different kinds of amino acids. The contents of non-essential and essential amino acids were 4,898.78mg and 5,953.51mg. The K was the largest mineral followed by Ca, P and Mg, which means Flos Sophora japonica Linne is alkali material. The contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 29.69%, 34.93% and 35.38%. Therefore, the amount of the total unsaturated fatty acid was higher than that of any other plant. The content of vitamin C in Flos Sophora japonica Linne was higher than that of any other plant, which suggest that it could increase blood elasticity. The content of rutin, which is responsible for capillary vessel permeability, was 22.60%. The contents of water soluble antioxidative materials in 1 mL of water-extracted Flos Sophora japonica Linne were 3.9 ${\mu}$g which is comparable to 1233.0 mmol of vitamin C in antioxidant effect. The general nutrients and other antioxidatant bioactive materials in Flos Sophora japonica Linne were also potential materials for good health food. It is expected that follow up study of Flos Sophora japonica Linne through developing processed food and evaluation of their functional properties would provide useful information as a source of medicinal foods.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.369-378
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• 2011

The effect of a homolactic inoculant containing a blend of Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici and Enterococcus faecium or, the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), alone or in combination on fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability and in situ DM, OM and NDF degradability of barley silage was investigated. Barley (Hordeum vulgare, L.) was harvested (45% DM), chopped and treated with water at 24 ml/kg forage (Control), inoculant at $1.09{\times}10^5$ cfu/g forage (I), SDS at 0.125% (wt/wt) of forage (S) or with the inoculant ($1.09{\times}10^5$ cfu/g) plus SDS (0.125% wt/wt; I+S). The treated forages were ensiled in triplicate mini silos and opened for chemical and microbiological analyses on d 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 42 and 77. Silage samples from d 77 were opened and aerobically exposed for 7 d. The in situ rumen degradability characteristics of silage DM, OM and NDF were also determined. The terminal concentration of NDF in S and I+S was lower (p<0.001) than in other treatments. Lactate concentration was higher (p<0.001) and the rate and extent of pH decline were greater (p<0.001) in I and I+S than S and Control silages. A homolactic pathway of fermentation in I and I+S was evidenced by reduced (p<0.001) water-soluble carbohydrates concentration, higher lactate (p<0.01), lower acetate (p<0.01) and lower pH values (p<0.001) than in S and Control silages. All silages remained stable over 7 d of exposure to air as indicated by lower temperatures and moulds, and by non-detectable yeast populations. The treated silages had lower DM and OM degradability than in the Control but NDF degradation characteristics of I+S were improved compared to other treatments. It is concluded that the inoculant alone improved the fermentation characteristics whereas the combination of the inoculant with SDS improved both fermentation and NDF degradability of barley silage.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.107-115
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• 1970

In order to brew Takju, Korean flour wine, it requires three necessary steps for specific brewage. One is primary brewing process and another main brewing process to sacharify and perform alcoholic fermentation. After previous two brewing passing, the mash of main brewing process mixed with 1 volume of water is commercial Takju. Three samples were obtained from three breweries and incubated at $28{\pm}1^{\circ}C$for the alcoholic fermentation. All the samples were analyzed for observation of the changes of various biochemical constituents which were contained in the mashes of two brewing processes and in Takju. The starch contents of the suspensions in the primary and main mashes, and in Takju were 28.08, 25.92, 3.83%, and decreased considerably within 36-48 hrs and thereafter slowly. The amounts of water soluble carbohydrates and reducing sugars in three steps had a tendency of decreasing within 48 hours. The initial numbers of yeasts per 1ml in the suspensions were $1.74{\times}10^8$, $1.65{\times}10^8$, $0.66{\times}10^8$, appeared the highest at 72 hours (12.66%) in main process, and in the case of Takju kept increasing untill 60 hours. The dextrin contents in the mashe of primary process through the long period were 0.34 - 0.68%, in the main one were 0.12 - 0.32%, concerning with the amylase activities which were stronger in the mash of the primary process than in that of the main. The contents of methanol and cellulose in the mashes of two processes were 3.40-0.68%, in the main one were 0.12-0.32%, concerning with the amylase activities which were stronger in the mash of the primary process than in that of the main. The contents of methanol and cellulose in the mashes of two processes were 3.40-5.98mg/ml, 0.43-0.48% during the fermentation. The consumption of crude protein the mashes of Takju revealed with time, on the contrary, the production of free amino acids and oligo-peptides were performed, depending upon the affection of proteinase. The amount of tannic acid in Takju was 0.0073-0.0098mg/ml and organic acids of these three groups increased with time and hydrogen ion concentration was 3.28-4.43.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1903-1912
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• 2018

Objective: To evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacteria and storage temperature on the microbial, chemical and mycotoxin composition of corn silage. Methods: Corn was harvested at 32.8% dry matter, and chopped to 1 to 2 cm. The chopped material was subjected to three treatments: i) control (distilled water); ii) $1{\times}10^6$ colony forming units (cfu)/g of Lactobacillus plantarum; iii) $1{\times}10^6cfu/g$ of Pediococcus pentosaceus. Treatments in triplicate were ensiled for 55 d at $20^{\circ}C$, $28^{\circ}C$, and $37^{\circ}C$ in 1-L polythene jars following packing to a density of approximately $800kg/m^3$ of fresh matter, respectively. At silo opening, microbial populations, fermentation characteristics, nutritive value and mycotoxins of corn silage were determined. Results: L. plantarum significantly increased yeast number, water soluble carbohydrates, nitrate and deoxynivalenol content, and significantly decreased the ammonia N value in corn silage compared with the control (p<0.05). P. pentosaceus significantly increased lactic acid bacteria and yeast number and content of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin and zearalenone, while decreasing mold population and content of nitrate and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalneol in corn silage when stored at $20^{\circ}C$ compared to the control (p<0.05). Storage temperature had a significant effect on deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone level in corn silage (p<0.05). Conclusion: Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus did not decrease the contents of mycotoxins or nitrate in corn silage stored at three temperatures.