• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.447-456
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• 2016

Access to clean and affordable water is one of the fundamental human rights because water is essential to life and a foundation for socioeconomic development of any country in the world. Despite the efforts to secure water supply in Burundi, the amount of water supplied by public utilities does not meet the demand of the population because population keeps increasing with fluctuation of weather conditions. This study selected north Bujumbura that is a sprawling new residential area in the western part of Burundi as a case to investigate the potential of rainwater harvesting in meeting water demand of the country. Based on a long-term average monthly precipitation in the region, the rainwater harvesting potential was assessed as a function of roof sizes, number of households, and runoff coefficients of roof materials. For the entire region of north Bujumbura, the current water supply capacity of the local water company combined with the rainwater harvesting potential resulted in the water surplus of $468,604.1m^3/yr$. Although three communes among them still showed water deficit in dry season, they still got help from rainwater to relieve their water shortage. This suggests that at the regional scale, proper storages and water quality control for harvestable rainwater could contribute to relieving the regional water shortage and allow the population growth.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2014

The water distribution system should be invariably operated on continuous pattern for 24 hours a day. Occasionally, it is not practically possible to operate for 24 hours due to water shortage or financial constraints. Therefore an intermittent water supply is unavoidable in water shortage area and developing countries. But the intermittent water supply can introduce large pressure forces and rapid fluid accelerations into a water supply network. These disturbances may result in new pipe failure, leakage and secondary contamination. This paper proposed an improvement methodology to prevent the disturbances by intermittent water supply. For the study, the hydraulic variation of intermittent flow in water distribution system was measured and analyzed in the field by comparing with simulation of hydraulic model. Installations of control valves such as, pressure reducing and sustaining and air valves were employed for pressure and flow control. The effectiveness of the methods are presented by comparing hydraulic conditions before and after introducing the proposed solutions.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.529-537
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• 1998

Currently as due to the rapid development of industry and increase in population we meet serious problems concerning the shortage and pollution of water. In the country many experts predict a shortage of water approaching 450 million tons by the year 2006. To cope with this serious problem it is necessary to construct desalination plants. In the adoption of a desalination system the most important factor is the cost of fresh water production,. In general LNG is stored in a tank as a liquid state below $-162^{\circ}C$. When it is serviced, however the LNG absorbs energy from a heat source and transforms to a high pressure gaseous state. During this process a huge amount of cold energy accumulated in cooling LNG is wasted. This wasted cold energy can be utilized to produce fresh water by using a sea water freezing desalination system. In order to develop a sea water freezing desalination system and to establish its design technique qualitative and quantitative data regarding the freezing behavior of sea water is required in advance, The goals of this study are to reveal the freezing behavior of sea water is required in advance. The goals of this study are to reveal the freezing mechanisms of sea water to measure the freezing rate and to investigate the freezing heat-transfer characteristics,. The experimental results will provide a general understanding of sea water freezing behavior in a rectangular vessel cooled from above.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제46권8호
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• pp.807-819
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 기존의 기후변화를 고려한 물수급 분석 방법론의 문제점을 개선하기 위해 GCM 미래 유량 시나리오를 물수급 모형에 직접 입력하는 대신 과거 유량 시나리오의 가중값(재현확률)을 부여하는 새로운 물수급 전망기법을 제안하고자 한다. GCM 미래 기후자료를 TANK 모형에 입력하여 중권역별 미래 유량을 모의하였으며 모의결과에 대한 편이보정을 위해 Quantile Mapping 기법을 적용하였다. 이러한 미래 유량 전망결과를 반영하여 각각의 입력자료에 대한 가중값(재현확률)을 새롭게 산정함으로써 미래 목표 전망구간에 대한 물부족량을 산정하였다. 물수급 모형의 입력자료에 대한 가중값 산정을 위해K-nn 알고리즘을 적용하였으며 비홍수기(10~6월) 유량을 가중값 산정을 위한 기준유량으로 결정하였다. 기후 변화의 불확실성을 고려하고자 4개의 GCM과 3개의 AR4 SRES 온실가스 배출 시나리오를 앙상블 조합하여 생성한 기후변화 시나리오를 활용하였다. 본 연구에서제시한 방법론을 한반도 4대강 유역에 적용한 결과, 기후변화를 고려한 한반도 미래 평균 물부족량은 2020s (2010~2039년)에는 과거에 비해 10~32% 정도 증가할 것으로 전망되었다. 또한, 한반도 4대강 유역의 경우 먼 미래로 갈수록 비홍수기 유량이 점차 감소할 것으로 전망됨에 따라 2080s (2070~2099년)에는 과거 대비 평균 물부족량이 최대 97%(약 516.5백만 $m^3$/년) 증가할 것으로 전망되었다. 기존의 기후변화 연구 방법론의 전망결과를 비교분석한 결과, 기존 방법론은 매우 극적인 물부족량 증가를 전망하고 있는 반면 본 연구에서 제안한 기법은 상대적으로 보수적인 변화를 전망하였다. 본 연구는 물수급 분석시기 후 변화를 고려하되 기존 국가계획 방법론의 틀을 최대한 유지하고 있다는 점에서 국가수자원계획 수립에 있어 정책결정권자들의 혼돈을 줄여줄 수 있는 방법론이 될 수 있다고 판단된다.

• 물과 미래
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• 제56권11호
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• pp.14-20
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• 2023

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1635-1646
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• 2011

This April 5th dam and Hwanggang dam, which are located in Imjin river, North Korea, become the main causes of water shortages and damages in Imjin river downstream. April 5th dam is assumed a small or medium-sized dam, its total storage volume reaches about 88 million $m^3$. And Hwanggang dam, multi-purposed dam of total storage volume approximately 0.3 billion $m^3$ to 0.4 billion $m^3$ is used as source of residental or industrial water in Gaeseong Industrial Complex. North Korea, which has April 5th dam and Hwanggang dam in Imjin river, manages water of approximately 0.39 billion $m^3$ to 0.49 billion $m^3$ directly. As water is storaged or discharged through dam, it causes a severe damage to areas in Yeoncheon-gun and Paju city, South Korea. Therefore, this study intends to analyze and estimate runoff through dam construction by using hydrological observation data and artificial data such as service water supply and agricultural water in Imjin river, water shortage and damage correctly.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.293-305
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• 2011

A special concern is paid to the risks with which small-sized water resources systems are confronted in supplying water in the far future. Taking the Gwangdong dam reservoir as a case study, the authors seek to understand demand-side and supply-side disturbances of a reservoir, which, respectively, corresponds to effects of water demand changes on the intake amount and those of climate changes on the inflow amount. In result, it is demonstrated that both disturbances in the next 50 years are almost unpredictable. Yet the projection ranges, thought of as relatively reliable information that models offer, reveal that severity and period of water shortage is very likely to change. It is therefore concluded that water resources management requires more rigorous approaches to overcoming high uncertainties. The methods and models for projecting those disturbances are selected, based on practicality and applicability. Nevertheless, they show a large usefulness, especially in dealing with data shortage and reducing the needs for expensive modeling resources.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2015년도 학술발표회
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• pp.232-232
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• 2015

Land use and climate changes are the important factors to determine the runoff and sediment loads from the watershed. The changes also affected to runoff volume/pattern to the dam operation and may cause flood and drought situations in the downstream area. Sirikit Dam is one of the biggest dams in Thailand which cover about 25 % of the runoff into the Central Plain where the Bangkok Capital is located. The study aims to determine the effect of land use change to the runoff/sediment volume pattern and the rainfall-runoff-sediment relationship in the different land use type. Field measurements of the actual rainfall, runoff and sediment in the selected four sub-basins with different type of land use in the Upper Nan Basin were conducted and the runoff ratio coefficients and sediment yield were estimated for each sub-basin. The effect of the land use change (deforestation) towards runoff/sediment will be investigated. The study of the climate change impact on the runoff in the future scenarios was conducted to project the change of runoff volume/pattern into the Sirikit Dam. The improvement of the Sirikit Dam operation rule was conducted to reduce the weakness of the existing operation rules after Floods 2011. The newly proposed dam operation rule improvement will then be evaluated from the water shortage situations in the downstream of Sirikit Dam under various conditions of changes of both land use and climate when compared with the situations based on the existing reservoir operation rules.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.40-49
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• 1997

From water management point of view, the industrialization that we have achieved in the last decades brought out two major changes: water shortage and water quality deterioration. They are getting the big obstacles we must overcome to continuously pursue industrialization for further development in the next century. Many plans using dams and advanced treatment methods have been developed for control of quantity and quality, respectively. In this paper, an alternative is conceptually reviewed which is much different from the plans in regard that the alternative looks at system itself. It is based on an interceptor system coupling with a concept of zero-discharge. This system allows no discharge of wastewaters from point-sources to waterbodies which are very sensitive in terms of water quality. In addition reuse of treated effluents is emphasized to a maximum extent. The application of the system to the Nak-Dong river basin indicated that an interceptor system will need from the middle reaches of the basin where industrialization gets heavier. Since wastewaters are not directly discharged to the river, water quality of the down stream will improve. Treated effluents will be able to be reused at a number of industrial complex which currently get water from the Nak-Dong river. This reuse will help alleviate water shortage. The biggest problem anticipated is cost for building and operating such system. A cost-sharing plan among the beneficiaries is considered. Further research is suggested focusing on detailed engineering and technical matters for potential implementation.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.946-953
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• 2012

When water shortage has been getting worse recently, toilet water-saving is one of the most effective way to solve the water shortage. Therefore, in this study, toilet flushing performance was investigated with VOF(Volume Of Fluid) model to obtain the basic design data for the development of high-efficiency toilets. The result showed that the shorter trapway, the longer the flushing duration time. However, the shorter trapway is found to have disadvantage in exhausting dirt due to relatively weak siphon and higher curvature. Since the remaining water in a trapway appears to help siphon, it is also an important factor in developing high-efficiency toilets. Although higher water level in the water tank shows better performance in flushing, lower water level is preferred to save water. Too low water level may cause dirt to clog the trapway due to relatively weak siphon.