• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.37-45
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• 2008

The Philippine government enacted the National Water Crisis Act in 1995, as a response to the burgeoning situation of water supply systems in the country. This act led to the privatization of Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS), sector having jurisdiction and control over all waterworks and sewerage systems in a service area including Metro Manila. Nowadays, the region's supply of water is still facing a lot of difficulties, both in quality and quantity. The unabated migration of people to the metro which increases its population, tapping from the aged pipelines, lack of water facilities and infrastructure, excessive groundwater withdrawal, environmental degradation, and surface and groundwater pollution are some of the issues that Metro Manila have to deal with. These situations lead to two primary water supply issues suffered by Metro Manila: water shortage and flooding. The purpose of this paper was to present water supply in Metro Manila with respect to the problems in its distribution, environmental implications and quality. In this paper, several technical reports, published literature, and news articles were consulted and became the major basis for identifying gaps and suggesting remedial measures.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.11
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• pp.941-953
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• 2022

In this study, monthly water use data were collected for 5 years from the 65 local governments included in the Han-river basin and a typical water usage ratios and patterns were calculated. The difference in water shortage was compared by considering the water usage patterns using the water balance and budget analysis model (MODSIM) and data base. As a result, it was confirmed that the change occurred in the range of -3.120% to +4.322% compared to the monthly constant ratio by period. In addition, when applying the patterns in the water balance model, 17 of the 28 middle watershed showed changes in the quantity of water shortage and the domestic and industrial water shortage would decrease about 8.0% during the maximum drought period. If it is applied in conjunction with predictive research on water usage patterns reflecting climate change, social and regional characteristics in the future, it will be possible to establish a more realistic water supply forecasts and a reliable national water resources plan.

• Journal of Korean Society of societal Security
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.53-59
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• 2008

The lack of water resources is becoming a serious issue throughout the world. The water shortage in Korea is expected to increase. Groundwater can be a solution to this matter in some places. Especially, bank filtrations are known to be advantageous over conventional reserviors, even if they have some drawbacks such as their limited location for development and small sizes. The AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) is an analytical tool, supported by simple mathematics, which enables one to explicitly rank tangible and intangible factors against each other for the purpose of resolving conflicts or setting priorities. In order to check the applicability of AHP to the evaluation of bank filtration sites, four candidate locations were chosen. They have suffered from problems like water-supply shortage and delayed dam construction. The analysis results are compared with those of the previous study using a conventional method. It is believed that the developed method can a basis for reasonable decision-making regarding bank filtration development.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.36-44
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• 2003

The lack of water resources is becoming a serious issue throughout the world. The water shortage in Korea is expected to increase dramatically through 2020. The amount of water shortage could amount to 1.8 and 2.6 billion cubic meters in 2011 and 2020, respectively. Groundwater can be a solution to this matter in some places. Especially, underground dams are known to be advantageous over conventional dams, evert if they have some drawbacks such as their limited location for development and small sizes. The analytic hierarchy process(AHP) is an analytical tool, supported by simple mathematics, which enables one to explicitly rank tangible and intangible factors against each other for the purpose of resolving conflicts or setting priorities. In order to check the applicability of AHP to the evaluation of underground dam sites, lour candidate locations were chosen. They have suffered from problems like water-supply shortage and delayed dam construction. The analysis results are compared with those of the previous study using a conventional method. It is believed that the developed method can provide central or local government with a basis for reasonable decision-making regarding underground dam development.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.559-572
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• 2024

Problems of under-sized dams (small dams with large basin area) could get worse under the global warming condition. This study evaluates the possible change of these problems with the Namgang Dam, an under-sized dam in Korea. For this purpose, first, this study simulates the dam inflow data using a rainfall-runoff model, which are then used as input for the reservoir operation. As a result, daily dam storage, dam release, and dam water supply are derived and compared for both past observed period (1973~2022) and future simulated period (2006~2099) based on the global warming scenarios. Summarizing the results are as follows. First, the inflow rate in the future is expected to be increased significantly. The maximum inflow could be twice of that observed in the past. As a result, it is also expected that the frequency of the water level reaching the high level is increasing. Also, the amount and frequency of dam release are to be increased in the future period. More seriously, this increase is expected to be concentrated on rather extreme cases with large dam release volume. Simply, the condition for flood protection in the downstream of the Namgang Dam is becoming worse and worse. Ironically, the severity of water shortage problem is also expected to become much worse. As the most extreme case, the frequency of no water supply was zero in the observed period, but in the future period, it becomes once every five years. Both the maximum consecutive shortage days and the total shortage volume are expected to become more than twice in the future period. To prevent or mitigate this coming problem of an under-sized dam, the only countermeasure at this moment seems to be its redevelopment. Simply a bigger dam with larger dam reservoir can handle this adverse effect more easily.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.377-384
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• 2017

This study examined the possibility of solving the water shortage problem through the water reuse of buildings through the Suwon water reuse (greywater) facility installation project conducted as a pilot project of Ministry of Environment. Water reuse of individual building units can reduce city water demand by up to 25%. This is a level that can solve the water shortage problem in Korea. However, in order to revitalize the water reuse facilities of individual buildings, it is necessary to solve the problem of the user's rejection of the greywater and the economical problems. The resolution of the user's rejection can be solved by linking the MBR process with the AOP process. When the MBR process and the AOP process are operated in conjunction with each other, it is found that the users do not feel the water quality difference with the tap water. Economical problems can be solved at the water rate levels when the facility capacity is over 100 ton/day considering the construction cost and the operation cost, and when the operation cost alone is over 15 ton/day. Furthermore, when considering the social benefit cost, it is found that profit is generated from 150 ton/day.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.56-60
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• 2005

It is necessary to irrigate for agriculture in Korea and agricultural canals play important roles in irrigation. Nowadays gauging water discharge in canals is important because of water shortage in Korea. But It is rare to gauging water discharge in canals. Several water level gauges are installed in agricultural canals through TM/TC. But the abilities of the gauges are insufficient for agricultural water metering. In this situation, we are developing the water discharge metering system which is inexpensive and easy to maintain.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.861-867
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• 2007

This Research analyzes the consumers' willingness to pay(WTP) for residential water on severe drought condition. The 7 large cities and 32 chronicle drought regions have been selected for this research survey. Results show that the consumers of large cities, which are relatively rich, think water quality is more important than quantity, but the consumers of 32 chronicle drought regions expressed just opposite. Dichotomous choice and open-ended questionnaire are mixed for the survey and Tobit model is applied in the analysis. As we expected, the higher the education level, the number of household member, and the income, the higher the WTP. When there is 25% reduction of supply, the WTP is about $2 per month. Contrary to the expectation, WTP is just slightly increased for 50% of water supply reduction. This is because of the resistance of tax as well as the limited actual experiences of water shortage so, they underestimated it. In any cases, actual WTP for actual water shortage is much higher than this result. More effective water supply and distribution schedule must be ready as a national and local level to prepare severe drought in the near future. Consumers are willing to pay higher price than the current level for water security. Water distributional system should be reconsidered and alternative source of water also be prepared.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.663-674
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• 2004

In this study, the principle of water allocation is proposed based on efficiency, equity, sustainability. Also weighting factors are estimated with sectoral factors and regional factors. The former represents relative weights among water use and the latter represents physical characteristics of water demand places. The AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) is applied to estimate the sectoral factors, and compounded regional-characteristic factors and regional-scale factors, which reflects socioeconomic statistics for the regional factors. By applying these weighting factors, water allocation rules for dam is developed and applied to Andong dam which supplies water to parts of Busan Shi, Daegu Shi and Goryeong Gun in a water-deficit situation. As a result, it is estimated that Water allocation by priorities distributes the entire water shortage to the lowest rank of water sectors or regions, while water allocation by relative weighting factors disperse all the burdens of water shortage to all sectors and regions.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.367-377
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• 1997

In order to set public policy to overcome 'water crises' on both quantity and quality of water, we looked into the national-economic role of Korea water utility by two approaches. First, we examined the relationship between water consumption and economic growth during 1978-94, a period of rapid increase in water consumption caused by prompt industrialization and urbanization. The price and income elasticities of aggregate and sectoral demand for water were estimated. Second, we developed a static input-output(I-O) framework for analysing water issues in the short run. In addition, we discussed two topics in its application: i) sectoral failure(shortage) costs by supply-driven I-O model, ii) Leontief price model's sectoral pervasive effects of price due to rise in water rate. In conclusion, we found that investments to water sector and water shortage has a big influence on the standard of living and industrial production. Also we found that raising water rate to encourage conservation or to create investment funds decreases demand for water significantly but has a small influence on overall price levels.