• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.608-614
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• 2012

The effluent limitation of industrial wastewater is based on uniform regulatory criteria for effluent discharge facilities of all in Korea. But, an individual effluent limitation on each effluent discharge facility is widely applicable for regulation of industrial wastewater in US.EPA. To decide an individual effluent limitation, TBEL (Technology-based effluent limitation) and WQBEL (Water quality-based effluent limitation) are used. TBEL is based on the capability of a treatment technology to reduce the pollutants. WQBEL is based on ambient water quality standards. In this study, TBEL were derived for the pulp, paper and paper board manufacturing based on best practicable control technology currently available. It was suggested that effluent limitations were $BOD_5$ 4.7 mg/L, $COD_{Mn}$ 44.3 mg/L, SS 13.2 mg/L, TN 1.4 mg/L, TP 0.15 mg/L and best practicable control technology currently available (BPT) was neutralization, activated sludge treatment and coagulation and sedimentation for the pulp, paper and paper board manufacturing.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.263-274
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• 2021

This study presents the achievements and limitations of the voluntary-based Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) through statistical analysis of water quality monitoring data and performance assessments of TMDL plans implemented in the Gyeongan watershed. The results clearly showed that responsible local governments complied the allocated TMDL and the designated water quality goals were successfully achieved in the required period. This was possible because the Ministry of Environment provided innovative incentives, such as, relaxations of the existing tight land-use regulations and full-scale financial aids for constructing and operating public treatment facilities to draw local government voluntary participation. However, a couple of problems which decreased the effectiveness and efficiency of the voluntary TMDL were identified. The different TMDL implementation schedules between upstream (Yongin) and downstream (Gwangju) governments caused delay in water quality improvement and exaggerated TMDL allocation to the local development which made excessive investment in the treatment facilities. Although it is not directly related to the voluntary scheme, technical methods for establishing and assessing the water quality goals should be improved so that the effects of flow conditions on water quality are properly assessed. We expect that results of this case study contribute to developing a more effective voluntary-based scheme for the implementation of the so-called 'tributary TMDL' in the future.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.247-259
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• 2008

The utilization of a variety of hazard chemicals bears risks to human health and ecosystem. The increasing usage of various chemicals indicates the greater emission of those chemicals to water system, and the subsequent deterioration of water quality. Water system is vulnerable to many pollutants, however, there are limitations of managing a range of hazard chemicals based on insufficient legal foundations. Therefore it is needed to select hazard chemicals that can be potentially discharged into water system, and subsequently to classify a wide range of existing chemicals for better management of those chemicals. In this study, the 259 candidate chemicals of concern were selected from the lists of the toxic released inventory chemicals (148), hazard concern candidate chemicals (106), and wastewater effluent standard candidate chemicals (116). We suggested the category 1, 2, 3 and 4 of hazard chemicals potentially discharged into water system. The assessment factors considered for the classification were hazard potential, persistence and emission to water body. This work was conducted as a part of the project entitled 'Development of integrated methodology for evaluation of water environment', and the results were used to develop the monitoring lists of hazard chemicals in four major rivers in Korea.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.902-909
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• 2009

With various reservoirs, dams and reduction of water velocity in downstream, rivers in Korea often have characteristics of accumulation of pollutants. Therefore, the main focus of water quality modeling in Korea needs to be shifted from DO to algae and organic matter. Moreover the structures of water quality models should be modified to have capability of simulating BOD which is a key factor of total water pollution load management in Korea as laboratory experiment BOD (Bottle $BOD_5$). In the SWAT model which is one of the widely used water quality models in Korea, the channel water quality module is using main algorithm of the QUAL2E model which has limitations in simulating algae, organic matter and Bottle BOD5 etc. To overcome this hindrance, in this study, the improved channel water quality module of the SWAT model (Q-SWAT) was proposed by linking the algorithms of the QUAL-NIER model which was developed based on the QUAL2E model to the SWAT model. The algorithms estimating the increase of internal organic matter by fractionization algal metabolism process and calculating Bottle $BOD_5$ were added and the results of proposed model were compared to those of the original SWAT model. The results of comparison test are showing that more accurate BOD values can be obtained with the Q-SWAT model and it is anticipated that the Q-SWAT model can be used as an effective tool of decision support through the water quality simulation and long term pollution source analysis.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.121-127
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• 2006

The conventional water quality measurements by point sampling provide only site specific temporal water quality information but not the synoptic geographic coverage of water quality distribution. To circumvent these limitations in temporal and spatial measurements, the use of remote sensing is increasingly involved in the water quality monitoring research. In other to assess a trophic state of Yongdam reservoir using satellite imagery data, I obtained Landsat ETM data and water quality data on 16th September and 18th October 2001. The approach involved acquisition of water quality samples from boats at 33 sites on 16th September and 30 sites on 18th October 2001, simultaneous with Landsat-7 satellite overpass. The correlation coefficients between the DN values of the imagery and the concentrations of chlorophyll-a were analyzed. The visible bands(band 1,2,3) and near infrared band(band 4) data of September image showed the correlation coefficient values higher than 0.9. The October image showed the correlation coefficient values about 0.7 due to the atmospheric effect and low variation of chlorophyll-a concentration. Regression models between the chrophyll-a concentration and DN values of the Landsat imagery data have been developed for each image. The regression model was determined based on the spectral characteristics of chlorophyll, so the green band(band 2) and near infrared band(band 4) were selected to generate a trophic state map. The coefficient of determination(R2) of the regression model for 16th September was 0.95 and that of the regression model for 18th October was 0.55. According to the trophic state map made based on Aizaki's TSI and chlorophyll-a concentration, the trophic state of Yongdam reservoir was mostly eutrophic state during this study.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제53권11호
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• pp.1015-1024
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• 2020

최근 인천, 서울 적수 사고와 같은 관로 내 수질오염 사고가 지속적으로 발생되고 있다. 이러한 수질문제를 인지하기 위해서는 적절한 위치에 수질계측기를 설치하고 미리 계측하여 수용가의 수도꼭지까지 물 공급이 되기 이전에 발견 혹은 차단할 필요가 있다. 그러나 모든 관로에 수질계측기를 다수 설치하는 것에는 유지비용증대와 같은 한계점이 존재한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 관로 내 수질문제 인지를 위한 유속기반의 수질계측기 설치위치를 결정하고 우선순위를 선정하는 방법론을 제안하였다. 제안된 절차를 관 파괴 시나리오와 국내에서 실제 운영 중인 비상연계관로가 포함된 관망운영 시나리오에 적용해 수질계측기 위치를 결정하고 결과를 분석하였다. 결정 결과 개별적인 관로의 파괴와 비상연계에 의한 비정상상황 발생시 대수용가와 탱크 주변, 그리고 비상연계관로 인근에 위치한 관로의 유속이 급격히 변하여 탁수발생에 의한 수질사고가 나타날 수 있을것으로 나타났다. 제안된 유속기반의 수질계측기 위치 결정 절차는 향후 관 청소를 위한 차단 및 비상관로 운영 계획 수립 등 수질모니터링 지점 선정 기법으로 활용 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.768-783
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• 2006

Biological stream environment assessment has been an essential trend of aquatic ecosystems among advanced countries, because the chemical water quality assessment has limitations that only represent temporal water environmental status. Benthic macroinvertebrates are the most popular bioindicator group useful to biological water quality assessment for a long time. In addition, a number of indices using benthic macroinvertebrates have recently been developed not only for water quality assessment but also for ecological health assessment. In this paper Korean Saprobic Index (KSI) based on Zelinka-Marvan's saprobic valency concept is developed by applying DIN 38410 in Germany. The KSI value was widely applicable to most Korean streams with the exception of sand-based large streams, for example main stream of Nakdong River. But as a result of non-linear regression analysis the correlation between KSI and $BOD_5$ concentration was high and KSI reflected water quality alteration for mid and long-term period. In spite of applicability of KSI, it should be supplemented and developed to make it strong by accumulating field data as well as to manage integrated water environment in general through continuous biomonitoring.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.23-33
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• 1996

광역수계에서 현재의 수질평가 방법은 시간과 장비 등의 제약으로 오염물질 분포, 이동 및 전반적인 수질현황을 파악하기가 어렵기 때문에 최근에는 대상수역의 수질을 동시적이고 공간적으로 측정을 할 수 있는 원격탐측 적용 연구가 증가추세에 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 위성 원격탐측기법으로 호수 수질을 관측하고자 1995년 6월 20일과 1995년 3월 18일에 Landsat 5호 위성의 대청호 상공 통과시간에 맞춰 대청호에서 부영양화 관련 수질인자를 측정하여 위성데이터와 수질 실측치간의 상관관계 분석 및 회귀모델을 유도하였고 모델의 정밀도를 검증하였다 연구결과 TM데이터로부터 수질에 관한 많은 정보를 얻을 수 있었는데, 투명도, 탁도, 부유물질 및 클로로필은 높은 상관성을 보였으나 분광특성이 뚜렷하지 않은 총인, 총질소는 원격탐측 적용이 어려운 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.557-565
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• 2010

Recently, regulations on toxic compounds in aquatic environment have been strengthened in korea due to the increasing public awareness of the water quality. Typically, these regulations include introduction of emerging toxic compounds and stricter effluent limitations for the already regulated compounds. However, too strict regulations may cause excessive burden on the industry. Therefore it is also important to assess the economic impacts when the new effluent limitation guidelines are introduced. The estimation of the additional cost for the wastewater dischargers to meet the new guidelines are based on the selected treatment technology to handle the hazardous substances and the regulatory levels for effluent limitations. To explore the procedures for cost estimation in enforcing new effluent limitations, a case study was performed specially for 1,4-dichlorobenzene. The pollutants of concern are surveyed for different industrial categories and various treatment technologies. For a given pollutant, the general performances of the treatment technologies are surveyed and a representative technology is selected. For a given technology, the capital cost and annual Operation and Maintenance (O&M) cost was calculated. The calculation of baseline costs to operate ordinary treatment technologies is also important. The ratio between the cost for introducing new treatment process and the baseline cost required for conventional technology was used to evaluate the economic impact on the industry. For 1,4-dichlorobenzene, steam stripping and activated carbon processes were selected as the specific treatment technologies. The cost effects to the regulation of the compound were found to be 6.4% and 14.5% increase in capital cost and O&M cost, respectively, at the flow rate over $2,000m^3/d$ for the categories of synthetic resin and other plastics manufacturing industry. For the case of petrochemical basic compounds manufacturing industry, the cost increases were 5.8% and 12.4%, respectively. It was suggested that cost effect analysis to evaluate the economic impacts of new effluent limitations on the industry is crucial to establish more balanced and reasonable effluent limitations to manage the industrial wastewater containing emerging toxic compounds in the wastewater.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.832-841
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• 2013

In recent years, eutrophication in the Paldang Lake has become one of the major environmental problems in Korea as it may threaten drinking water safety and human health. Thus it is important to understand the phenomena and predict the time and magnitude of algal blooms for applying adequate algal reduction measures. This study performed seasonal water quality assessment and chlorophyll-a prediction using Bayseian simple/multiple linear regression analysis. Bayseian regression analysis could be a useful tool to overcome limitations of conventional regression analysis. Also it can consider uncertainty in prediction by using posterior distribution. Generally, chlorophyll-a of a P2(Paldang Dam 2) site showed high concentration in spring and it was similar to that of P4(Paldang Dam 4) site. For the development of Bayseian model, we performed seasonal correlation. As a result, chlorophyll-a of a P2 site had a high correlation with P5(Paldang Dam 5) site in spring (r = 0.786, p<0.05) and with P4 in winter (r = 0.843, p<0.05). Based on the DIC (Deviance Information Criterion) value, critical explanatory variables of the best fitting Bayesian linear regression model were selected as a $PO_4-P$ (P2), Chlorophyll-a (P5) in spring, $NH_3-N$ (P2), Chlorophyll-a (P4), $NH_3-N$ (P4) in summer, DTP (P2), outflow (P2), TP (P3), TP (P4) fall, COD (P2), Chl-a (P4) and COD (P4) in winter. The results of chlorophyll-a prediction showed relatively high $R^2$ and low RMSE values in summer and winter.