• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.151-157
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• 1983

To find antitumor components in Korean basidiomycetes, the carpophores of Armillariella mellea which were collected in Gyeong Gi Province were extracted with distilled water at $90{\sim}100^{\circ}C$ for eight hours. The hot water extract was concentrated under reduced pressure, mixed with three-fold volumes of ethanol and allowed to stand at $4^{\circ}C$ overnight. The precipitate was centrifugated and lyophilized to yield a protein-polysaccharide fraction. It was examined for antitumor activity against sarcoma 180 implanted in ICR mice. The fraction showed 75.7%, 83.9%, and 94.1% of tumor inhibition ratios at the doses of 10, 20 and 50 mg/kg/day, respectively. The chemical analysis of the fraction showed that it contained a polysaccharide(41.3%) and a protein (35.0%). The hydrolyzates of the polysaccharide moiety contained fucose (4.5%), xylose (1.1%), galactose (17.4%), glucose (55.4%), mannose(19.4%), and one unknown monosaccharide. The protein moiety contained seventeen amino acids. The protein-polysaccharide from A. mellea was administered, i.p., to mice and caused an influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) at $5{\sim}24$ hours which was followed by an accumulation of macrophages and disappearance of the PMN at $48{\sim}72$ hours.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.219-227
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• 2001

The silver colloidal effects on the excited-state structure and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) of p-N,N-dimethylaminobenzoic acid (DMABA) in aqueous cyclodextrin (CD) solutions have been investigated by UV-VIS absorption, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence, and transient Raman spectroscopy. As the concentration of silver colloids increases, the ratio of the ICT emission to the normal emission (Ia /Ib) of DMABA in the aqueous $\alpha-CD$ solutions are greatly decreased while the Ia /Ib values in the aqueous B-CD solutions are significantly enhanced. It is also noteworthy that the ICT emission maxima are red-shifted by 15-40 nm upon addition of silver colloids, implying that DMABA encapsulated in $\alpha-CD$ or B-CD cavity is exposed to more polar environment. The transient resonance Raman spectra of DMABA in silver colloidal solutions demonstrate that DMABA in the excited-state is desorbed from silver colloidal surfaces as demonstrated by the disappearance of νs (CO2-)(1380 cm-1 ) with appearance of ν(C-OH)(1280 cm -1) band, respectively. Thus, in the aqueous B-CD solutions the carboxylic acid group of DMABA in the excited-state can be readily hydrogen-bonded with the secondary hydroxyl group of B-CD while in aqueous and $\alpha-CD$ solutions the carboxylic acid group of DMABA has the hydrogen-bonding interaction with water. Consequently, in the aqueous B-CD solutions the enhancement of the Ia /Ia value arises from the intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interaction between DMABA and the secondary hydroxyl group of B-CD as well as the lower polarity of the rim of the B-CD cavity compared to bulk water. This is also supported by the increase of the association constant for DMABA/ B-CD complex in the presence of silver colloids.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1981

Studios on the effects of rice straw amendments, soil autoclaving and repeated application related to disappearance of diazinon (diethyl 2-isopropyl -4-methyl -6-pyrimidinyl phosphorothionate) in submerged soils and paddy water were conducted under the laboratory conditions. Degradation of diazinon was slightly accelerated by the amendment of rice straw. The amended soil had 2.4 days shorter half life for diazinon than unamended soil. By autoclaving soils, diazinon degradation was greatly inhibited. The autoclaved soil had about 20 days longer half life for diazinon than the non-autoclaved soil. After repeated application of diazinon granules to the submerged soils, rapid degradation of the insecticide occured in flooded soils and paddy water. The development of diazinon degrading factors in flooded soils and paddy water after repeated application was roughly proportional to the increase of the frequency of diazinon application. By autoclaving soils and paddy water which received repeated application of diazinon, no rapid biodegradation of the insecticide occurred during the 30 days incubation period.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.325-332
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• 2008

To characterize the initiation, propagation and termination of Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms in the southeast coastal waters of Korea, 2007, we have analyzed the data set of phytoplankton composition, physical and chemical water properties, and meterological data. The development of C. polykrikoides bloom in 2007 can be summarized in three steps. The first stage from middle of July to end of August was characterized by an unusually persistent and strong southerly wind. C. polykrikoides blooms established already by the strong wind in the middle of south coastal waters were advected intermittently into the study area. Accordingly, highly variable cell densities of C. polykrikoides were observed. At the second stage a favorable growing conditions for C. polykrikoides was developed, which was directed by changes in wind direction from south to northeast and thus enhanced transportation of offshore waters into inshore (August 8 to 30). C. polykrikoides bloom occurred through typical mechanism and showed high cell density. The last stage was represented by disappearance of C. polykrikoides. Typoon 'Nari' carrying heavy rain brought an unfavorable habitat to C. polykrikoides. Low saline condition formed in coastal water due to typoon effects continuously drove the dominant species to diatoms and flagellates which were prevailing over C. polykrikoides in this circumstances(from the middle of September). These stepwise processes could be the causative mechanism of the extraordinarily persistent C. polykrikoides bloom observed in southeast coastal water of Korea, 2007.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.4
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• pp.357-362
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• 2009

Trials to find a method for overcoming the depletion of Tricholoma matsutake mycorrhiza from the artificially inoculated pine seedling (Pinus densiflora) when it is transplanted in situ were carried out. The culturing jars containing mycorrhizal seedlings were punched at the bottom to make the jar like a pot with keeping the soil structure of the original medium in vitro, and 8 kinds of irrigation solution were applied. Irrigation of distilled water caused disappearance of T. matsutake mycorrhizae, but biweekly irrigation of 2.5% PDMP (24 g potato dextrose broth, 3 g malt extract, 1 g peptone) solution or 0.5% Tween 80 solution until 3 months of acclimation could keep mycorrhizal association stronger. The percentage of mycorrhizal roots out of total length of roots was increased during the acclimation, and the acclimation rate reached up to 70%. Thus, we recommend that the mycorrhizal pine seedlings inoculated with T. matsutake would be acclimated before transplanting into the field.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.108-113
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• 1986

Ginseng saponin absorbed in rat blood and liver were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The amount of saponin was estimated from peak area of the corresponding fraction and the specific radioactivity was then calculated, The radioactivity of the methanol-water extract of blood serum and livers of ginseng saponin administered rats decreased rapidly during the first four hours after the saponin administration. However, the radioactivity disappearance rate was relatively slow when the radioactivity was below a certain level. It seemed that the glycosides of panax ginseng were absorbed partly in the undissociated form and the saponin level of the liver might be maintained at 10-6% - 10-5% for a considerable period of time in ginseng administered rats.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.235-243
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• 2013

In Korea, where the plain land is greatly deficient as a mountainous nation, most of riparian zones were transformed into agricultural fields and urban areas. Excessive use of the land, which is close to river, makes the rivers enduring severe pollution stresses. Disappearance of riparian buffer, which plays a function of filter in the riverside, appears as a main factor aggravating water pollution of rivers. In this respect, it is imperative to restore the lost riparian vegetation. This study found out restoration models of riparian vegetation from the Bongseonsa stream, which has remnant riparian vegetation patches as a conservation reserve. Feasible reference information applicable for restoration of riparian vegetation was shown in the species level in the order of herb, shrub, and tree and sub-tree zones as far away from the waterway. Those information could contribute to restoring integrate and healthy rivers and streams beyond simple landscaping differently from the other restoration projects when they will be applied to the restoration project to be carried out in the future. In addition, the spatial range of river and stream, background that riparian zone disappeared in Korea, and application plan of the obtained reference information were discussed.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1229-1258
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• 2002

This paper reports the photochemical reduction of benzil 1 to benzoin 2 and the reduction of 2 to hydrobenzoin 4 in deoxygenated solvents in the presence of triethylamine (TEA) and/or TiO2. Without TEA or TiO2, the photolysis of 1 resulted in very low yield of 2. The presence of TEA or TiO2 increased the rate of disappearance of 1 and the yield of 2, which were further increased considerably by the presence of water. The photoreduction of 1 to 2 proceeds through an electron transfer to 1 from TEA or hole-scavenged excited TiO2 followed by protonation. In the reaction medium of 88 : 7 : 2 : 3 CH3CN/CH3OH/H2O/TEA with 2.5 $㎎/m{\ell}$ of TiO2, the yield of 2 was as high as 85 % at 50 % conversion of 1. The photolysis of 2 in homogeneous media resulted in photo-cleavage to benzoyl and hydroxybenzyl radicals, which are mostly converted to benzaldehyde. The reduction product 4 is formed in low yield through the dimerization of hydroxybenzyl radicals. The addition of TEA increased the conversion rate of 2 and the yield of 4 significantly. This was attributed to the scavenging effect of TEA for benzoyl radical to produce N,N-diethylbenzamide and the photoreduction of benzaldehyde in the presence of TEA. The ratio of $(\pm)$ and meso isomers of 4 obtained from the photochemical reaction is about 1.1. This ratio is the same as that from the photochemical reduction of benzaldehyde in the presence of TEA. In the TiO2-sensitized photochemical reduction of 2, meso-4 was obtained in moderate yield. The reduction of 2 to 4 proceeds through two consecutive electron/proton transfer processes on the surface of the photocatalyst without involvement of ${\alpha}-cleavage$. The radical 11 initially formed from 2 by one electron/proton process can also combine with hydroxy methyl radical, which is generated after hole trapping of excited TiO2 by methanol, to produce 1,2-diphenylpropenone after dehydration reaction.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.83.2-83.2
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• 2012

We have carried out simultaneous 22GHz $H_2O$ and 44GHz Class I $CH_3OH$ maser survey of 112 ultra-compact HII regions (UCHIIs) twice in 2010 and 2011. We detected $H_2O$ maser and $CH_3OH$ maser emission from 76(68%) and 49(44%) UCHIIs, respectively. Among them 15 $H_2O$ masers and 32 $CH_3OH$ masers are new detections. These high detection rates suggest that the occurrence periods of both masers are significantly overlapped with the UCHII phase. $CH_3OH$ masers always have small (<10 km s-1) relative velocities with respect to the natal molecular cores, while $H_2O$ masers often show larger velocities. We find 20 UCHIIs with $H_2O$ maser lines at relative velocities >30 km s-1. The formation and disappearance of $H_2O$ masers is frequent over one-year time interval. In contrast, $CH_3OH$ masers usually do not show substantial variation in intensity, velocity, or shape. The isotropic luminosities of both masers well correlate with the bolometric luminosities of the central stars when data points of lowand intermediate-mass protostars are added: $L_{H_2O}=5.89{\times}10^{-9}{(L_{bol})^{0.69}}$ and $L_{CH_3OH}=4.27{\times}10^{-9}{(L_{bol})^{0.62}}$. They also tend to increase with the 2cm radio continuum luminosity of UCHIIs and the 850 um continuum luminosity of the associated molecular cores. We discuss some individual sources.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.816-824
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• 2005

The effects of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 and a mixture of fibrolytic enzymes on total tract digestion, in situ disappearance (ISD) and ruminal fermentation characteristics of orchardgrass hay and barley grain were investigated in a 4${\times}$4 Latin square experiment with 4 non-lactating Holstein cows and 4 diets in 4 periods. Cows were offered a total mixed ration of 50% rolled barley grain and 50% orchardgrass hay treated with either 1) water (control), 2) 0.2% (vol/wt) Tween 80, 3) 0.2% (vol/wt) hydrolytic enzyme, or 4) 0.2% hydrolytic enzyme plus 0.2% Tween 80. Total tract digestibility coefficients of DM, nitrogen, NDF and ADF were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary treatment. Compared to the control, the rate of ISD of DM from orchardgrass hay was faster (p<0.05) in cows receiving diets treated with the enzyme alone or with enzyme plus Tween 80 (0.06/h vs. 0.076 and 0.069/h). The rate of digestion was lower (p<0.05) as compared to control when barley grain was treated with these additives. Ruminal fluid pH and concentrations of total VFA, acetate, isobutyrate and butyrate were not affected (p>0.05) by treatments. Cows that consumed diets treated with enzyme plus Tween 80 had higher (p<0.05) ruminal concentrations of propionate and isovalerate, and lower (p<0.05) acetate:propionate ratios. Compared to the control, microbial protein synthesis tended (p = 0.13) to increase with the addition of enzyme to the diet while nonammonia nitrogen flow to the duodenum increased (p<0.05) with both enzyme and Tween 80 treatments. The study indicated that fibrolytic enzymes alone or in combination with Tween 80 could enhance ISD of orchardgrass hay and ruminal concentrations of propionate, valerate and iso-valerate, but do not affect total tract digestibility.