• 상하수도학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.285-292
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• 2021

Osmotic power is to produce electric power by using the chemical potential of two flows with the difference of salinity. Water permeates through a semipermeable membrane from a low concentration feed solution to a high concentration draw solution due to osmotic pressure. In a pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) process, river water and wastewater are commonly used as low salinity feed solution, whereas seawater and brine from the SWRO plant are employed as draw solution. During the PRO process using wastewater effluent as feed solution, PRO membrane fouling is usually caused by the convective or diffusive transport of PRO which is the most critical step of PRO membrane in order to prevent membrane fouling. The main objective of this study is to assess the PRO membrane fouling reduction by pretreatment to remove organic matter using coagulation-UF membrane process. The experimental results obtained from the pretreatment test showed that the optimum ferric chloride and PAC dosage for removal of organic matter applied for the coagulation and adsorption process was 50 mg/L as FeCl₃ (optimum pH 5.5). Coagulation-UF pretreatment process was higher removal efficiency of organic matter, as also resulting in the substantial improvement of water flux of PRO membrane.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.58-72
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 하수 내에 존재하는 유기물과 미생물량 분액을 위해 미생물 호흡률 측정기(Respirometer)를 구동하여 미생물에 의한 산소 섭취율(OUR : Oxygen Uptake Rate)을 측정하고, CG-FID 혹은 LC를 활용하여 VFAs(Volatile Fatty Acids)를 측정하였다. 유기물은 IAWQ (International Association of Water Quality)의 ASM(Activated Sludge Model)에서 명시된 유기물 분류법에 따라 분액 하였으며, ASM 중에서도 ASM No.2d를 기초하여 분액을 수행하였다. 하지만 슬러지를 첨가하지 않은 하수 원액의 미생물 호흡률 측정과 더불어 기존의 방법과는 다르게 여과한 하수의 미생물 호흡률 측정과 VFAs 측정을 수행하여 하수에 포함된 유기물량을 추정하였다. 이는 기존의 하수 원액을 이용한 미생물 호흡률 측정 방법에 있어 천천히 생분해되는 용존성 유기물질(S_S)에 의한 산소섭취율과 천천히 생분해되는 입자성 유기물질(X_S)에 의한 산소섭취율이 동일 그래프 안에 형성되어 정확하게 구분되지 못하는 단점과 슬러지 세척으로 인한 실험의 오차를 보완하고자 하였다. 또한 용존성 난분해 COD(S_I)을 측정하는 기준이 명확하지 않는 문제점이 발생하여 미생물 호흡률 측정 과정에서 그래프의 변화를 보고 정확한 용존성 난분해 COD(S_I)의 측정 시간을 선택할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다. 여과한 하수를 대상으로 미생물 호흡률 측정과 VFAs 측정을 통하여 추정한 유기물 분액 결과 용존성 난분해 COD인 S_I는 $12.2g/m^3$로 Total $COD_{Cr}$ 기준으로 6.9%, 발효 부산물인 S_A는 $24.76g/m^3$로 Total $COD_{Cr}$ 기준으로 14.1%, 발효 가능한 유기물질인 S_F는 $58.54g/m^3$로 Total $COD_{Cr}$ 기준으로 33.2%, 천천히 생분해되는 입자성 유기물질인 X_S는 $61.1g/m^3$로 Total $COD_{Cr}$ 기준으로 34.7%, 입자성 난분해 COD인 X_I는 $10.2g/m^3$로 Total $COD_{Cr}$ 기준으로 5.8%로 추정되었다. 종속영양 미생물량인 X_H는 $9.3g/m^3$로 Total $COD_{Cr}$ 기준으로 5.3%로 추정되었다.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2005년도 생물공학의 동향(XVI)
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• pp.65-66
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• 2005

Anaerobic digestion is one of the well-known methods for biological treatment handling of concentrated organic matter such as swine $wastewater.^{1)} The anaerobic digestion can reduce organic loading but also hydrolyze non-biodegradable organic $matter.^{2)}$ The feces from the scrapper-type barn are usually collected to make compost and the urine is discarded with swine-slurry wastewater by ocean-dumping or treated by biological methods. The lagoon, aerobic digestion, anaerobic digestion, SBR, $A^{2}/O$, and UCT have been applied for treating swine $wastewater.^{3)} In this study, as a result of the analysis of swine wastewater, the total and soluble chemical oxygen demand was 130g/L and 60g/L, respectively. And the volatile fatty acid as chemical oxygen demand equivalent was 45g/L, which was 75% of soluble chemical oxygen demand. Before everything else, ammonia nitrogen concentration was 6.5 g/L. From biochemical acidogenic potential test, it was concluded that the enhanced acidification process to manage swine waste should be operated in the ammonia nitrogen concentration of less than 1.2 g/L. In the result of seeding ratio experiments with artificial $wastewater^{4)}, the lag period of acidogens was taken the long time because of the inhibition by the $ammonia^{5)}$, however no difference of period by the seeding ratio was not shown. The Haldane-based biokinetics were also evaluated using a method of fourth order Runge-Kutta $approximation.^{6,7)}$ The nonlinear least squares (NLLS) method with a 95% confidence interval was also used. The ranges of maximum microbial growth rate, ${/mu_{max}}$, and half saturation coefficient, $K_{s}$, for acidogenesis of various seeding ratio with artificial wastewater were 6.1 ~ 12.6 $d^{-1}$ and 45,000 ~ 53,500 mg glucose/L, respectively. Also, the methanogenic microbial yield coefficient, Y, and microbial decay rate coefficient, $k_{d}$, and inhibition substrate concentration, $K_{si}$, for the reactors were determined to be 0.32 ~ 0.465 ${/mu}g$/mg glucose; 0.42 ~ 1.01 $d^{-1}$ and 51,500 ~ 55,600 mg glucose/L, respectively.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.370-377
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• 2005

Dispersion of coagulant should be completed in a fraction of a second before the metal hydroxide precipitate has form. For the reason so-called pump diffusion flash mixing (PDFM) have been proposed, and PDFM is one of reasonable methods to quickly disperse the hydrolyzing metal salts. In this study, therefore, we attempt to understand the difference of removal characteristics of natural organic matter (NOM) between pump diffusion flash mixing (PDFM) and conventional rapid mixing (CRM) for coagulation in a water treatment system, and to enhance the removal of NOM through the improved mixing process. DOC and turbidity removal by PDFM higher than those by CRM, while SUVA value of water treated by PDFM was high as compared with that by CRM. Hydrophilic NOM was more effectively removed by PDFM than CRM, since charge neutralization effect increased by quick dispersion of coagulant. The DBP formation potentials due to NOM was effectively reduced by the improved mixing (i.e., PDFM) for coagulation and could be controlled through decrease in concentration of precursor rather than reduction of activity with disinfectant.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.249-260
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• 2022

The effect of permanganate oxidation was investigated as water treatment strategy with a focus on comparing the reaction characteristics of NaOCl and sodium permanganate (NaMnO₄) in algae (Monoraphidium sp., Micractinium inermum, Microcystis aeruginosa)-contained water. Flow cytometry explained that chlorine exposure easily damaged algae cells. Damaged algae cells release intracellular organic matter, which increases the concentration of organic matter in the water, which is higher than by NaMnO₄. The oxidation reaction resulted in the release of toxin (microcystin-LR, MC-LR) in water, and the reaction of algal organic matter with NaOCl resulted in trihalomethanes (THMs) concentration increase. The oxidation results by NaMnO₄ significantly improved the concentration reduction of THMs and MC-LR. Therefore, this study suggests that NaMnO₄ is effective as a pre-oxidant for reducing algae damage and byproducts in water treatment process.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.126-137
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• 2003

The feasibility study of UV-disinfection system was performed for disinfection of effluent from wastewater treatment plant. Three low-pressure UV lamps of 17, 25, and 41 W were examined with various flow rates. Low-pressure UV lamps of 17W were examined with various turbidity, DOM (dissolved organic matter), and SS (suspended solid). The pilot plant was a flow-through type UV-disinfection system, and the range of exposure time varied from 5 to 40 seconds, turbidity from 0 to 40 NTU, DOM from 0 to 30 mg/L, and SS from 10 to 40 mg/L. The 41W lamp demonstrated complete disinfection showing no survival ratio in all the experimental conditions, and generally 17W and 25W lamps also showed high removal ratio over 97%. For the same UV dose (UV intensity times exposure time), high intensity-short exposure conditions showed better disinfection efficiency than low intensity-long exposure conditions. While the effects of turbidity and DOM were not apparent, the effects of SS was significant on the disinfection efficiency which indicates that SS control before UV-disinfection appears to be necessary to increase removal efficiency. Considering characteristics of effluent from existing wastewater treatment plants, cost-effectiveness, stable performance, and minimum maintenance, the flow-through type UV-disinfection system with high intensity and low-pressure lamps was thought to be a competitive disinfection system for wastewater reclamation.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2018

It is necessary to develop a mobile water production system in order to provide stable water supply in case of disasters such as floods or earthquakes. In this study, we developed a modular mobile water production system capable of producing water for various uses such as domestic water and drinking water while improving applicability in various raw water sources. The water production system consists of three stages of filtration (sand filtration - activated carbon filtration - pressure filtration) to produce domestic water and an additional reverse osmosis process to produce drinking water. In laboratory and field experiments, the domestic water production system showed excellent treatment efficiency for particulate matter, but showed limitations in the treatment of dissolved substances such as dissolved organic matter. In addition, ultraviolet irradiation was considered as additional disinfection step, because it does not form precipitates of manganese oxides after disinfection. Reverse osmosis process was added to increase the removal efficiency of dissolved substances and the treated water satisfied drinking water quality standards. Fluorescence analysis of dissolved organic matter showed that the fulvic acid-like substances in raw water was successfully removed in the reverse osmosis process. The mobile water production system developed in this study is expected to be used not only in water supply in case of disaster, but also widely used in islands and rural area.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.315-321
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• 2001

This study was conducted to estimate the decomposition capacity for organic matter by microbe of tidal flat sediments (Hajae, Dongjin and Mankyung). The decomposition rate constants (K') have been determined by Thomas slope method and compared with the values of each tidal flats. The decomposition rates of organic matter by microbe were initially very slow, but at the end of 12 hours, very sharply increased. The values of decomposition rate constant for Dongjin, Mankyung and Hajae tidal flat sediment were 1.364$day^{-1}$/, 1.080d$day^{-1}$ and 0.735$day^{-1}$, respectively. The decomposition rate constant of Dongjin tidal flat sediment which affected by livestock wastewater was higher than others. The decomposition quantity (mg/g/day) of organic matter by microbe of tidal flat sediments was 0.4mg/g/day for Dongjin, 0.36mg/g/day for Mankyung and 0.36mg/g/day for Hajae. The average of decomposition quantity was 0.37mg/g/day. To calculate purification capacity (kg/ha) of organic matter by microbe, we applied to two assumption ; 1) biological action by microbe is occur within 0.1cm under surface 2) specific gravity of sediment are 2.5g/$\textrm{cm}^2$. The purification capacity of organic matter by microbe of tidal flat sediment was calculated to 9.25kg/ha. The relationships between decomposition rate constant (K') and ignition loss (I. L), chemical oxygen demand by sediment (CO $D_{sed}$), total carbon(TC), silt and clay as index of organic matter were a high positive($R^2$=0.97~1.00).

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.473-480
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• 2020

High-pressure membrane system like nanofiltration(NF) and reverse osmosis(RO) was investigated as a part of water treatment processes to produce high quality potable water with low organic matter concentration through membrane module tests and design simulation. River water and sand filtration permeate in Busan D water treatment plant were selected as feed water, and NE4040-90 and RE4040-Fen(Toray Chemical Korea) were used as NF and RO membranes, respectively. Total organic carbon(TOC) concentrations of NF and RO permeates were mostly below 0.5 mg/l and the average TOC removal rates of NF and RO membranes were 93.99% and 94.28%, respectively, which means NF used in this study is competitive with RO in terms of organic matter removal ability. Different from ions rejection tendency, the TOC removal rate increases at higher recovery rates, which is because the portion of higher molecular weight materials in the concentrated raw water with increasing recovery rate increases. Discharge of NF/RO concentrates to rivers may not be acceptable because the increased TDS concentration of the concentrates can harm the river eco-system. Thus, the idea of using NF/RO concentrate as the raw water for industrial water production was introduced. The design simulation results with feed water and membranes used in this work reveal that the raw water guideline can be satisfied if the recovery rate of NF/RO system is designed below 80%.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.617-623
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• 1999

This study was carried out to obtain the optimal operating parameter on organic matters and nutrient removal of mixed wastewater which was composed of sewage and stable wastewater using SBR. A laboratory scale SBR was operated with An/Ae(Anaerobic/Aerobic) ratio of 3/3, 2/4 and 4/2(3.5/2.5) at organic loading rate of 0.14 to 0.27 kgBOD/$m^3$/d. TCOD/SCOD ratio of mixed wastewater was 3, so the important operating factor depended upon the resolving the particulate parts of wastewater. Conclusions of this study were as follows: 1) For mixed wastewater, BOD and COD removal efficiencies were 93-96% and 85-89%, respectively. It was not related to each organic loading rate, whereas depended on An/Ae ratio. During Anarobic period, the amount of SCOD consumption was very little, because ICOD in influent was converted to SCOD by hydrolysis of insoluble matter. 2) T-N removal efficiencies of mixed wastewater were 55-62% for Exp. 1, 66-76% for Exp. 2, and 67-81% for Exp. 3, respectively. It was found that nitrification rate was increased according to organic concentration in influent increased. Therefore, the nitrification rate seemed to be achieved by heterotrophs. During anoxic period, denitrification rate depended on SCOD concentration in aerobic period and thus, was not resulted by endogenous denitrification. However, the amount of denitrification during anaerobic period were 3.5-14.1 mg/cycle, and that of BOD consumed were 10-40 mg/cycle. 3) For P removal of mixed wastewater, EBPR appeared only Mode 3($3^＊$). It was found that the time in which ICOD was converted to VFA should be sufficient. For mode 3 in each Exp., P removal efficiencies were 74, 87, and 81%, respectively. But for 45-48 of COD/TP ratio in influent, P concentration in effluent was over 1 mg/L. It was caused to a large amount of ICOD in influent. However, as P concnetration in influent was increased, the amounts of P release and uptake were increased linearly.