• Title/Summary/Keyword: Waste factor

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A Study on Anaerobic Treatment and Energy Recovery Technology of Food Waste by Using Hybrid Anaerobic Reactor (Hybrid Anaerobic Reactor를 이용한 음식물쓰레기의 혐기성처리 및 에너지 회수에 관한 연구)

  • Yoon Young-Bong;Park Jin-Young;Ju Jin-Young;Kim Myung-Ho
    • Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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    • v.20 no.1 s.55
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    • pp.64-75
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    • 2005
  • The total production of food waste was about 11,398ton/day('03) in Korea. Also, food waste was treated by landfill, incineration, reuse and anaerobic digestion. The method of food waste treatment depended primarily on landfill. However, the method of landfill causing social problems was prevented to treat food waste in the first of January 2005.12) Thus, anaerobic digestion is an important method to treat food waste because of possibility of energy recovery as methane gas. In this study, the possibility of food waste treatment containing high organic material and low pH in the one stage anaerobic reactor to save cost and time and energy recovery using $CH_{4}$ gas by the hybrid anaerobic reactor (HAR) was measured. The HAR was designed by combing the merits of the anaerobic filter (AF) to minimize the microorganism shock when food waste of very low pH was injected and up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) to prevent from plugging and channeling phenomena by large suspended solids when semi solids were injected. Granule was packed in the section of HAR. The purpose of the BMP experiment was to measure the amount of methane generated when organic material was resolved under anaerobic conditions, to grasp bio resolution of organic material. Total accumulated methane production per VS amount was $0.471(m^{3}/\cal{kg}\;VS)$. So, the value was about $81.2\%$ of theoretical methane production which was $0.58(m^{3}/\cal{kg}\;VS)$ by elementary analysis and organic matter removal velocity (K) was $0.18(d^{-1})$. From these results, food waste was treated by anaerobic treatment. From this study, $CH_{4}$ generation from food waste (11,398 ton/day) could be estimated. By using an energy conversion factor of Braun's study, $5.97KWh/m^{3}\;CH4,\;60\%\;of\;CH_{4}$ gas generation, the amount of total energy producing food waste is to 6,727MWh/day. It could be confirmed that energy recovery using $CH_{4}$ gas was possible. Above these results, food waste containing organic matters of high concentration could be treated in HRT 30 days under an anaerobic condition, using the hybrid anaerobic reactor and reuse of $CH_{4}$ gas was possible.

The Development of Emission Factors of Greenhouse Gas from Middle and Small-Scaled RPF Incineration Facility by Concentration Measurement and Fuel Composition (농도실측 및 연료 성분조성에 의한 중소형 RPF 소각시설의 온실가스 배출계수 개발)

  • Na, Kyung-Ho;Song, Il-Seok;Choi, Si-Lim;Yoo, Jae-In;Park, Ik-Beom;Kim, Jin-Gil
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.423-434
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    • 2012
  • This study was carried out to develop for the emission factor of greenhouse gas (GHG) from medium and smallscaled incineration facility using RPF which is considering as a part of renewable energy in UNFCC. The actual concentration of the exhaust gas and the fuel composition of RPF were measured for the calculation of GHG emission factor in RPF incinerators, and were compared with the IPCC guideline. The $CO_2$ and $N_2O$ emission factors by the actual concentration of exhaust gas were $2.3575{\pm}1.0070tCO_2/tRPF$ and $0.0014{\pm}0.0014tN_2O/tRPF$ respectively. Also, $CO_2$ emission factor by the RPF composition was $2.7057{\pm}0.0540tCO_2/tRPF$. The GHG emission factor per energy by the actual concentration was $83.0867{\pm}26.0346tCO_2e/TJ$ which showed higher consistency with the GHG emission factor ($80.3967tCO_2e/TJ$) of waste plastic in the IPCC guideline (2006b). The $CO_2$ and $N_2O$ emission factor calculated in this study is considered as a meaningful data for GHG emission factor of RPF incineration facility because of not being developed in ROK.

Performance Evaluation and Design of DTMF Receiver with a Subset of $2^M$ Data Point

  • Kye, Sung-Su;Lee, Jae-Kyung;Yoon, Dal-Hwan;Min, Seung-Gi
    • 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2003.10a
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    • pp.1638-1642
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    • 2003
  • In this paper, we have analyzed the power spectra and evaluate the performance of DTMF receiver by using the quick Fourier transform(QFT) algorithm. The economical signals detection of dual-tone multifrequency(DTMF) receiver is an important factor when developing cost-effective telecommunication equipment. In experimental results, it shows that reducing memory waste and can process the real-time.

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The Relationship between the Factors and Performance of Environmental Management (환경경영요인과 성과에 관한 연구)

  • 김형욱;노지혜
    • Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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    • 1998.10a
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    • pp.202-206
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    • 1998
  • The conventional management which had economic requirement such as productivity, competition, customer satisfaction, and return needs the environmental management in order to meet a change of the external situation such as the environmental requirement (such as resources reduction, pollution prevention, and waste reduction). However, there have been a few studies which try to investigate internal factor and to regard external factors as negative ones. This paper proposes the external factors are significant to the performance. Several hypotheses were developed regarding the relationships. Based on the collected data from 126 firms, the hypotheses were analyed with SPSS.

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미생물 고정화 담체의 물리적 특성

  • 박영식;구기우
    • Journal of Environmental Science International
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    • v.7 no.3
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    • pp.269-274
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    • 1998
  • In order to develop of support medla for bloom reactor, physicochemical properties and attachability of surface of activated carbon, clay mineral, non-clay mineral, and waste mold sand were enamined. Measured physicochemical properties of materials were surface roughness, mean particle size, surface area, hydrophobicity, and surface charge. At a tested materials, activated carbon was the best attachable material and microorganisms were attached $20.1{\times}10^7CFU/cm^2$ at surface, compared with diatomaceous earth which were attached of $9.2{\times}10^7CFU/cm^2$ in our research, surface area and hydrophobicity show- ed more Influence than any other factor on attachment of microorganisms.

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Simulation and performance evaluation of multi-channel DTMF receivers signal detection algorithm using LP (LP를 이용한 다중채널 DTMF 수신기 신호검출 알고리즘의 시뮬레이션 및 성능평가)

  • 윤달환
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics S
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    • v.34S no.10
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    • pp.26-32
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    • 1997
  • The economical detection of dulal-tone multifrequency(DTMF) signals is an important factor when developing cost-effective telecommunication equipment. Each channel have independently a DTMF receiver, and it informs the detected signal to processors of the TDX. This paper proposes the linear prediction algorithm for the spectrum analysis. As a experimental resutls, it can obtain the improved performance to the DTMF receivers and reduce the real-time processing and memory waste.

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A study on performance of the wireless of display devices using Piconet of the Bluetooth (블루투스 피코넷을 이용한 디스플레이 장치의 무선화)

  • Kang Tai-Kyu;Kim Kwang-Sun;Kim Chul-Hwan;Lee Key-Seo
    • Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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    • 2003.05a
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    • pp.480-486
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    • 2003
  • This paper proposes the connection without cables among display devices in a train using piconet of the Bluetooth. Nowadays, each train has a number of the display devices that are connected with many cables to lead the passengers, so it has the waste of resource and factor of fault. This paper proposes the improvement schemes of those problems in a train using piconet of the bluetooth with low cost, low power, and high security.

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The Estimation of Emission Factor of N2O and CH4 by Measurement from Stacks in the Waste Incinerators and Cement Production Plants

  • Choi, Sang-Min;Im, Jong-Kwon;Hong, Ji-Hyoung;Lee, Sue-Been;Zoh, Kyung-Duk
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.33 no.3
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    • pp.217-226
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    • 2007
  • The purpose of this study is to estimate the emission factor of $non-CO_2$ global warming gases such as $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ by measuring concentrations from stacks of waste incinerators and cement production plants. Based on the established monitoring methods, $N_2O$ concentration measured from stacks in incinerator were between 0.62 and $40.60\;ppm_v$ (ave. $11.50\;ppm_v$). The concentration of $N_2O$ was dependent on the incinerator types. However, the concentrations of $CH_4$ gas were between 2.65 and $5.68\;ppm_v$ (ave. $4.22\;ppm_v$), and did not show the dependency on the incinerator types. In the cement production plant, the concentration ranges of $N_2O$ from the stack were from 6.90 to $10.80\;ppm_v$ (ave. $8.60\;ppm_v$), and $CH_4$ were between 1.80 and $2.20\;ppm_v$ (ave. $2.60\;ppm_v$). Using measured concentrations, the emission amounts of $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ from stacks per year were calculated. The results were is 4.2 ton $N_2O/yr$ in the incinerators, and 53.7 ton $N_2O/yr$ in the cement facilities. The big difference is from the flow rate of flue gas in the cement facilities compared to the incinerators. By the same reason, the $CH_4$ emission amounts in cement plant and incinerator was found to be 339 ton $CO_2/yr$ and 34.1 ton $CO_2/yr$, respectively. Finally, the emission factor of $N_2O$ in the incinerators were calculated using the measured concentration and the amount of incinerated wastes, and was $42.5\sim799.1\;g/ton$ in kiln and stoker type, $11.9\sim79.9\;g/ton$ in stoker type, 90.1 ton/g in rotary kiln type, 174.9 g/ton in fluidized bed type, and 63.8 g/ton in grate type, respectively. Also, the emission factors of $CH_4$ were found to 65.2-91.3 g/ton in kiln/stoker type, 73.9-122 g/ton in stoker type, 109.5 g/ton rotary kiln, and 26.1 g/ton in fluidized bed type. This result indicates that the emission factor in incinerators is strongly dependent on the incinerator types, and matched with result of IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change) guideline.

Quantitative Evaluation of Criticality According to the Major Influence of Applied with Burnup Credit on Dual-purpose Metal Cask (국내 금속겸용용기의 연소도 이득효과 적용 시 주요영향인자에 따른 정량적 핵임계 평가)

  • Dho, Ho-seog;Kim, Tae-man;Cho, Chun-Hyung
    • Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.141-154
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    • 2015
  • In general, conventional criticality analysis for spent fuel transport/storage systems have been performed based on the assumption of fresh fuel concerning the potential uncertainties from number density calculations of actinide nuclides and fission products in spent fuel. However, these evaluation methods cause financial losses due to an excessive criticality margin. In order to overcome this disadvantage, many studies have recently been conducted to design and commercialize a transportation and storage cask applied to the Burnup Credit (BUC). This study conducted an assessment to ensure criticality safety for reactor operating parameters, axial burn-up profiles and misload accident conditions, which are the factors that are likely to affect criticality safety when the BUC is applied to the dual-purpose cask under development at the KOrea RADioactive waste agency (KORAD). As a result, it was found that criticality resulting from specific power, changed substantially and relied on conditions of low enrichment and high burn-up. Considering the end effect in the case of high burn-up produced a positive-definite result. In particular, the increment of maximum effective multiplication factors due to misloading was 0.18467, confirming that misload is a factor that must be taken into account when applying the BUC. The results of this study may therefore be utilized as references in developing technologies to apply the BUC to domestic models and operational procedures or preventing any misload accidents during the process of spent fuel loading.

A Study on Establishment of Buffer Zone of Radioactive Waste Repository (방사성패기물 처분시설에서의 완충공간 설정에 대한 고찰)

  • Yoon, Jeong-Hyoun;Park, Joo-Wan;Ju, Min-Su;Kim, Chang-Lak;Park, Jin-Baek
    • Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.45-54
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    • 2008
  • A new proposed repository has a final capacity of 800,000 drums radioactive waste. Most of foreign repositories have a general practice of segregating control zones which mainly contributes to classification of degree of control, whether it is called buffer zone or not. Domestic regulatory requirements of establishment of buffer zone in a repository are not much different from those of nuclear power plants for operation period, in which satisfactory design objective or performance objective is the most important factor in determination of the buffer zone. The meaning of buffer zone after closure is a minimum requested area which can prevent inadvertant intruders from leading to non-allowable exposure during institutional control period. Safety assessment with drinking well scenario giving rise to the highest probability of exposure among the intruder's actions can verify fulfillment of the buffer zone which is determined by operational safety of the repository. At present. for the repository to be constructed in a few years, the same procedure and concept as described in this paper are applied that can satisfy regulatory requirements and radiological safety as well. However, the capacity of the repository will be stepwise extended upto 800,000 drums, consequently its layout will be varied too. Timely considerations will be necessary for current boundary of the buffer zone which has been established on the basis of 100,000 drums disposal.

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