• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.554-558
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• 1992

A 38 years old man had been treated as a pulmonary tuberculosis by the positive result of acid fast stain of bronchial washing from the focal infiltrative lesion at left lower lobe. On radiologic examination after one year treatment, there was an aggravation of lesion at left lower lobe with moderate amount of pleural effusion at the same side. After 11 weeks, follow up chest film disclosed bilateral pleural effusion. The pleural fluid of both side was pus in gross appearance with low pH, high LDH, low glucose and high protein. Pleurodectomy was performed to remove the loculated empyema with the thickened pleura of right thorax. This pleuro-pulmonary lesion can be easily misdiagnosed as a tuberculous lesion if it is not taken into consideration as a possible diagnosis.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.294-301
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• 2002

The effects of various parameters on partial decoloration of cotton dyeings using discharge reactive dye were investigated. The decoloration of dyed cotton fabrics with varying pH were very sensitive below 100g/1 of amount of potassium carbonate. Our results did indicate any significant changes in color when the amount of Rongalite C in reducing liquor was increased 10g/l to 200g/l. The steaming time had significant effects on fade-out, with an steaming time of 3~5 min. being sufficient for deceleration build up. The change of color below $130^\circ{C}$ was not significant and it only become evident above $140^\circ{C}$. The additional color changes did not cause by washing under suitable concentrations of oxidation and neutralization agents. The decoloration treatment did not affect the mechanical property of cotton fabrics such as tensile strength.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.190-199
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• 2002

After applying anti-smoking acupuncture to 756 high school students at least 4 times, I surveyed about the effect of the therapy. The result of the survey is as follows. 1. The age to start smoking is getting lower. And the rate of female students' smoking is increasing significantly. 2. The survey shows that students started to smoke mainly because of curiosity, stress, peer pressure, and their misunderstanding which the way to smoke looks cool. 3. The anti-smoking acupuncture therapy is expected to decrease the smoking desire because the applicants usually experience headache, dizziness, gastroenteric trouble after the treatment. 4. Students complained about earache and inconvenience of washing. 5. The result shows that the anti-smoking acupuncture therapy is generally efficacious, but the virtue of the therapy is much better with the students' willingness to stop smoking.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.63-67
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• 2022

Black soybean (BS) is widely thought to prevent or alleviate hair loss, which has been demonstrated by in vitro experiments. However, few clinical studies have directly assessed the effect of BS on hair growth. To assess the safety and efficacy of BS, we administered BS extract to 10 adult patients for 3 months without any other hair products and treatments. The number and diameter of hair lost from washing were examined every 4 weeks. In addition, the participants' satisfaction with their hair condition was also measured using the VAS (1 to 10) before and after treatment. The mean number of lost hair was 140.7 (SD 59.4) at baseline and 38.8 (SD 54.4) after 12 weeks, and the diameter of lost hair was 72.4 ㎛ (SD 11.9) at baseline and 80.4 ㎛ (SD 8.8) after 12 weeks, which indicated a statistically significant improvement (p = 0.002, p = 0.022, paired t-test). The satisfaction score was significantly increased from 6.10 (SD 1.2) to 8.2 (SD 1.1) after 12 weeks. These results suggest that BS extract may promote hair growth and prevent hair loss.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.570-575
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• 2023

Targeted anticancer drug delivery systems are needed to enhance therapeutic efficacy by selectively delivering drugs to tumor cells while minimizing off-target effects, improving treatment outcomes and reducing toxicity. In this study, a silica-based nanocarrier capable of targeting drug delivery to cancer cells was developed. First, silica nanoparticles were synthesized by the Stöber method using the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Increasing the ratio of EtOH in the solvent produced uniformly spherical silica nanoparticles. Washing the nanoparticles removed unreacted residues, resulting in a non-toxic carrier for drug delivery in cells. Upon surface modification, the pH-responsive polymer, polyethyleneimine (PEI) exhibited slow doxorubicin release at pH 7.4 and accelerated release at pH 5.5. By exploiting this feature, we developed a system capable of targeted drug release in the acidic tumor microenvironment.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.149-158
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of milking system type on milking center effluent production through the four seasons. Four different types of milking systems (Bucket, Pipeline, Tandem and Herringbone) were estimated, in duplicate, through the different seasons. The following conclusions can be drawn from this study. 1. The quantity of wastewater produced from Tandem and Herringbone milking systems were significantly larger than Bucket milking system (p<0.05). 2. The main wastewater production was from the washing of milking apparatus. Tandem and Herringbone milking systems produced 398.8 and $407.7{\ell}$/day of wastewater, respectively, for apparatus washing. These values were significantly higher than the other milking systems during the summer (p<0.05). 3. The average wastewater production from the various milking systems was $15.4{\ell}$/head/day. The quantity of wastewater production during summer ($16.4{\ell}$/head/day) season was higher than of the other seasons. 4. The highest level of $BOD_5$ ($906.4mg/\ell$) was produced from the washing of the parlor floor and the lowest level of $BOD_5$ ($212.4mg/\ell$) was produced from the washing of the udders of the cows. 5. The pH of dairy wastewater was in the range of $7.3{\sim}8.2$ and the average levels of $BOD_5$, COD, SS, T-N, and T-P were 731.2, 479.0, 751.6, 79.1, $14.7mg/\ell$, respectively. Following conclusions can be drawn from this experiment. The quantities of wastewater production from Bucket, Pipeline, Tandem and Herringbone milking system were 143.9, 487.9, 914.0, and $856.7{\ell}$, respectively. The average wastewater produced from the milking systems was $15.4{\ell}$/head per day. In order to effectively manage on the wastewater from milking systems, dairy farms need to consider the milking system type and farm size when determining the optimum wastewater treatment system.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the bactericidal activity of electrolyzed water (EW) against coliform bacteria on Undaria pinnatifida (UP). The UP was washed with 15% EW, tap water (TW), and distilled water in the following order: 15% EW for 5 and 10 min (1st to 3rd washing process), TW for 1 min, and distilled water for 10 min (3rd to 5th washing process). The washing processes using 15% EW and distilled water occurred a total of 6 times. The number of viable cells, coliform bacteria, and molds in the untreated sample were in the range of 10¹ to 10³ CFU/g. In the case of the UP with 15% EW for 5 min sample, the viable cell counts were reduced by 1-2 log cycles as compared with the untreated sample. The coliform bacteria were not detected except after the 1st EW washing process. Mold counts were not detected in all treatments. In the UP with 15% EW for 10 min sample, the viable cells, coliform bacteria, and mold counts were not detected. In color, there were no significant differences among samples. In sensory evaluation, the UP treated with 15% EW for 10 min (first washing process) got higher scores for color, aroma, and taste than others. These results suggest that the treatment of 15% EW for 10 min is the most effective way to reduce coliform bacteria of the UP.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.213-221
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• 2001

Background : There is a well recognized interlaboratory variation in the results using the polymerase chain reaction(PCR) to detect the IS6110 sequence. The clinical utility of a commercially developed PCR test(Amplicor) in bronchial washings for detecting pulmonary tuberculosis in smear negative patients was evaluated. The sensitivity and specificity of Amplicor was compared with that of an in-house PCR test used for detecting the IS6110 sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tbc) in the bronchial washing fluid. Methods : 66 patients whose sputum smear for M. tbc were negative or who could not produce any sputum were recruited from January 1999 to July 1999. They all had a bronchoscopy performed to determine if there were signs of hemoptysis, patients who could not cough up sputum, lung lesion that exclude pulmonary tuberculosis. Pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed on the basis of a positive culture or a response to anti-tuberculosis therapy. Results : 19 patients with tuberculosis were identified and samples from 16 patients were later confirmed by culture. Bronchial washing for Amplicor PCR revealed a sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 94.7%, 97.9%, 94.7%, 97.9%, respectively. Using IS6110 based PCR, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were of 73.7%, 87.2%, 70%, 89.1% respectively. Conclusion : Bronchial washing for Amplicor PCR proved to be more useful than IS6110 based PCR in rapidly diagnosing smear negative pulmonary pulmoary tuberculosis in patients where tuberculosis was likely to be differential and rapid diagnosis was essential for optimal treatment.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.296-302
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• 2019

Ganjang-gejang (soy sauce-marinated crab) is a ready-to-eat (RTE) seafood and is also one of the most popular traditional dishes in Korea. It is generally prepared by washing raw blue crabs and then preserving them in soy sauce. Since this process does not involve cooking or any treatment with heat, it is difficult to control the microbiological quality of the final product. Thus, the objectives of this study were to compare the efficacies of various sanitizers in eliminating microorganisms on raw blue crab during the washing step and to evaluate the effectiveness of chitosan on the inhibition of microbial growth in the ganjang-gejang during storage. The raw blue crabs were submerged in chlorinated water (50 mg/L), peracetic acid (40 mg/L), acetic acid (5%) and lactic acid (5%) for 10 min at $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. The blue crabs treated with 5% acetic acid were marinated with soy sauce containing 0.5 and 1% of soluble chitosan, followed by storing them at 4 and $12^{\circ}C$ for up to 30 days. Results show that 5% acetic acid reduced the microbial populations on the blue crabs by 1.5 log CFU/g, which was significantly higher than those of other treatments. Based on these results, 5% acetic acid was selected for the washing step. The microbial populations of all ganjang-gejang samples significantly increased to about 8.0 CFU/g at $12^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. At $4^{\circ}C$, the microbial populations of the products containing 1% chitosan increased by about 2.9 CFU/g for 20 days, which were significantly lower than those (4.2-4.5 log CFU/g) of the products without and with 0.5% chitosan. Thus, these results suggest that 5% acetic acid washing of raw blue crabs and the addition of 1% chitosan in ganjang-gejang could improve the microbiological quality of the final products under refrigerated condition.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.492-506
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• 2019

Heavy metal contaminants in the shooting range are mostly present in a warhead circle or a metal fragment present as a particle, these fine metal particles are weathered for a long period of time is very likely that the surface is present as an oxide or carbon oxide. In particular, lead which is a representative contaminant in the shooting range soil, is present as more fine particles because it increases the softness and is stretched well. Therefore, by physical washing experiment, we conducted a degree analysis, concentration of heavy metals by cubic diameter, composition analysis of metallic substances, and assessment of applicability of gravity, magnetism and floating selection. The experimental results FESEM analysis and the measurement results lead to the micro-balance was confirmed thatthe weight goes outless than the soil ofthe same size in a thinly sliced and side-shaped structure according to the dull characteristics it was confirmed that the high specific gravity applicability. In addition, the remediation efficiency evaluation results using a hydrocyclone applied to this showed a cumulative remediation efficiency of 71%,twice 80%, 3 times 91%. On the other hand, magnetic sifting showed a low efficiency of 17%,floating selection -35mesh (0.5mm)target soil showed a relatively high efficiency to 39% -10mesh (2mm) efficiency was only 16%. The target treatment diameter of soil washing should be 2mm to 0.075mm, which is applied to the actual equipment by adding an additional input classification, which would require management as additional installation costs and processes are constructed. As a result, it is found that the soilremediation of shooting range can be separately according to the size of the warhead. The size is larger than the gravel diameter to most 5.56mm, so it is possible to select a specific gravity using a high gravity. However, the contaminants present in the metal fragments were found to be processed by separating using a hydrocyclone of the soil washing according to the weight is less than the soil of the same particle size in a thinly fragmented structure.