• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.113-126
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• 1999

In order to investigate the detergency effect of stained cotton and PET fabric, respectively, these fabrics stained with solid soils such as carbon black, liquid paraffin, and fat and examined the detergency effect in the optimum washing condition. The evaluation of washing efficiency of washed fabrics studied by using the surface reflectance measurement before and after washing treatment. The maximum detergency effect of stained cotton and PET fabric obtained in the mixed washing liquor-bleachig agen(ml)/concentrated washig agent(g/l). To obtain the excellent detergency effect, 2-step washing treatment, pre-washing by bleaching agent only and washing by concentrated detergent, is preferred. In comparing the detergency of polyester and cotton fabric, the detergency of stained polyester fabric superior than that of stained cotton fabric because of the difference of adhesive force between soil material and fabric in preparing soled stained fabric. In this study, we also studied the degree of fabric damage by the measurement of tensile strength change. From the results of the tensile strength measurement, the damage of washed fabric before and after washing treatment was nearly changed.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.339-345
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• 2000

The effects of protease and/or lipase on the removal of protein soil and oily soil were investigated in this study. Cotton, rayon, nylon, and PET fabrics were soiled by padding of fresh bovine blood and spotting of mixed artificial sebum evenly. The soiled fabrics were aged at $130^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes. The fabrics were washed by using Terg-O-Tometer at various conditions. Protease and/or lipase were added in the alcohol ethoxylate (AE) detergent solution. The removal efficiency was evaluated by analysis of protein and/or oil on the fabrics before and after washing, respectively. The detergency of protein and/or oil on the fabrics was discussed with enzyme concentration, washing time, washing temperature, pH of washing solution and fiber characteristics. The hydrolysis of protease improved effectively the removal of oil as well as protein by increasing removal of protein-oil mixed soil at the same time. The effect of lipase added detergent solution was slightly shown on the removal of oil and/or protein. The removal of mixed soils from cotton fabrics was very low because of large amount of residual soils caused by the physical characteristics of cotton fiber.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.7 no.1_2
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• pp.67-87
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• 1992

Each detergent-solution in the concentration of 0.4% was prepared with four kinds of raw materials of detergents and two kinds of commercial surfactants for kitchen. LAS (Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate), AOS ($\alpha$-O1effine Sulfonate), SLS (Sodium Lauryl Sulfonate) and SLE (Sodium Lauryl Ester Sulfonate) were used as the raw materials. Vegetables and fruits such as cucumber, crown daisy, lettuce, strawberry and tomatos were diped in each solution and washed 5 times in static or flow state. For the other experiments, tablewares such as porcelain, stainless bowls, glass and plastic cups were diped in each solution and washed also 5 times with cold and hot water in static or flow state. The residues of the detergents on the every steps of wash-conditions were measured. The results of this study were summarized as followings: 1. The residures of the detergents on the tested vegetables and fruits after 5 times washing were detected with the range from 0.450 to 7.120 ppm in static state and from 0.343 to 6.375 ppm in flow state. 2. The residures of the detergents on the tested tablewares after 5 times washing with cold water were observed with the range from 0.057 to 0.815 ppm in static state and from 0.066 to 0.905 ppm in flow state. 4. The residures of the detergents on the tested tablewares after 5 times washing with hot water were determined with the range from 0.061 to 0.424 ppm in static state and from 0.066 to 0.368 ppm in flow state. 4. Independent on detergent types, water temperatures and washing methods, the detergents were remained stablely on the porcelain; 0.057~0.815 ppm, on the stainless bowl; 0.061~0.905 ppm, on the glass cup; 0.0l4~0.592 ppm and on the plastic cup; 0.201~0.592 ppm.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.202-208
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• 1999

The car washing effluent containing various oils and detergent was treated by ultrafiltration membranes. Dead-end type stirred cell (Amicon 8050) with 10, 30 and lOOk dalton membranes was used to determine permeation and rejection characteristics for the car washing effluent. In case of low molecular weight cut-off membranes, the effect of membrane fouling was weak under the applied pressures. However, the permeation flux for YM100 membrane(look dalton) may be affected by oil layer formation on the membrane surface as well as oil particle plugging for a part of membrane pores due to compressible and deformable oil properties. Oil and particle rejections in the permeates were over 95%, but detergent was passed easily through the membranes. Hence, the permeates containing detergent can be recycled to the system, and may reduce water pollution. Also, the car washing effluent was treated continuously by a capillary type ultrafiltration membrane of MWCO 50k dalton. The experimental data were fitted suitably to the cake filtration model.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.66-80
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the housewives's recognition and practice on prevention of environmental pollution. The subjects of this study were 250 housewives, school students' mothers, living in Cheong-ju. Major findings were as follows: 1. In washing their faces and brushing their teeth, they saved the water very well, but in taking bath, washing the dished, using the water of the lavatory they did not save the water so well. 2. The kinds of the cleansers differed in taking a bath, washing the hair, and doing the laundry respectively : what they use most was hard soaps in taking bath, liquid cleansers mixed with shampoo and linse in washing the hair, and synthetic powder detergent in laundrying. They used more synthetic detergent than natural soaps, which is known to be a cause of water pollution. Especially, when they cleansed, they did not use a measuring cup. It resulted in the waste of detergent and accelerating of water pollution. Therefore, the environmental education for them was very urgently needed. 3. In handling domestic waste, the separate collection rate of empty bottles and old newspapers was very high, but that of used phone-call cards and used batteries was extremely low. It was truly nessesary to educate and step up publicic activities on the separate collection of phone-call cards and batteries caused environmental pollution. 4. The housewives had much knowledge about environmental pollution, but they did not practice it so well in their home. 5. The housewives made more effort than their children in preventing environmental pollution and saving resources. In conclusion, what is most important for solving environmental problem was for each citizen to make an effort to prevent environmental pollution, and the government's support and producing the atmosphere of the society for this was really needed.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.131-143
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate i) the current state of washing knowledge and washing habits ii) the effect of washing behaviors on washing satisfaction. A survey questionnaire was developed and implemented to married women in their 30's or 40's. A total of 210 responses were analyzed by frequency analysis, t-test and ANOVA with PASW18.0. The results are as follows. First, the ways in which women do the laundry was analyzed. Married women in their 30s and 40s usually do the laundry at home and are familiar with washing symbols and do not rely on common sense. Most of them like to rely on the washing machine guidelines for detergent concentration and use the right amount for environmental protection. They also adjust the washing machine setting effectively considering laundry time, water temperature and care label. Second, the groups divided by demographic variables showed meaningful results about washing knowledge. Particularly, there is no significant difference on washing knowledge between housewives and career women. Third, the groups divided by the levels of washing habits showed suggestive results about washing satisfaction. The groups who have correct washing habits generally a indicated high degree of washing satisfaction. Finally, marketing implications for the businesses of laundry, laundromat and the manufacturers of washing machine are suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 2000

This study investigated the effect of mixing protease and lipase on detergency. The detergency of protein soiled, oil soiled and protein-oil soiled cloths and the relative hydrolytic activity of enzymes were examined. The protease-lipase added detergent solution was most effective for the removal of protein in protein-oil soiled cloths. This is because the lipase removed the protein that was physically bound to oil as well as the protease removed the protein. The protease added detergent solution was second effective, the lipase added detergent solution was third effective, and the detergent solution without protease and lipase was the least effective. The protease-lipase added detergent solution was also most effective in the oil removal from protein-oil soiled cloths. Unlike in protein removal, however, the protease added detergent solution was more effective in oil removal than the lipase added detergent solution. This is because the removal of oil bound to protein by protease was more effective than the removal of oil by lipase. In soiling-washing cycles, however, the effects of lipase increased, and as a result, the detergency of protease added detergent solution and the lipase added detergent solution became similar.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.792-798
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• 2021

This study was conducted to determine the washing conditions in which surfactants were not detected after washing fruits and vegetables with detergent. Residual surfactants were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The analyzed surfactants were LAS, SLES, AOS, SLS, CAPB, and LDAO. The survey found that 14% of the respondents used detergent correctly according to the directions indicated. After soaking the samples with 0.2% detergent, the average residual surfactant content was 2.61%. Soaking under 1% and 5% of the detergent, 4.68-5.50% of surfactant remained in the sample. In cherry tomatoes, the surfactants were below the LOD after rinsing twice. However, lettuce was rinsed three times. These results suggest that when using detergent for washing fruits and vegetables, following the labelled usage and rinsing at least three times in 30 seconds could minimize residual surfactants.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.491-497
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• 2003

The use of both an Alpha Hydroxy Acid, Citric Acid, and a Skin Moisturizer, Glycereth-26, formulated into a hand dishwashing detergent have been shown to be synergistic in their effects on certain skin health parameters. Each ingredient was evaluated alone and together in a hand dishwashing detergent via a 9-week use test. Panelists washed dishes using the sponge method commonly used in Asian markets and a 1:7 dilution of the concentrated dish detergent. Panelist's hands were evaluated initially and at 3-week intervals for nine weeks. After nine weeks panelist's hands showed significant improvements in Moisture Absorption and Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL). A synergistic effect on TEWL was found between the AHA and the Moisturizer. These effects, showing an improvement in the condition of the panelist's skin are impressive, particularly since they were observed from a dishwashing product that is highly diluted and at near neutral pH during the washing process.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09b
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• pp.417-423
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• 2003

The use of both an Alpha Hydroxy Acid, Citric Acid, and a Skin Moisturizer, Glycereth-26, formulated into a hand dishwashing detergent have been shown to be synergistic in their effects on certain skin health parameters. Each ingredient was evaluated alone and together in a hand dishwashing detergent via a 9-week use test. Panelists washed dishes using the sponge method commonly used in Asian markets and a 1:7 dilution of the concentrated dish detergent. Panelist's hands were evaluated initially and at 3-week intervals for nine weeks. After nine weeks panelist's hands showed significant improvements in Moisture Absorption and Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL). A synergistic effect on TEWL was found between the AHA and the Moisturizer. These effects, showing an improvement in the condition of the panelist's skin are impressive, particularly since they were observed from a dishwashing product that is highly diluted and at near neutral pH during the washing process.