• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the method of propagation of Lindera erythrocarpa Makino. The results were as follows: 1. After the treatment of warm stratification for 1 month followed by cold stratification for 3 months, the germination ratio of seeds of Lindera erythrocarpa was from 84.6 to 93.6 percent. But, dry stored seeds lose their viability Quickly and should be placed in pretreatment im-mediately. Also, the seeds of control district germinated from 68.6 to 74.6 percent. So it was confirmed that the seed of Lindera erythocaeicarpa was not doubly dormant. 2. Softwood cuttings of Lindera erythrocarpa with 5,000 ppm IBA on August 4. 1992 resulted in the best rooting of 95.0 percentage. 3.Twenty percent of the graft union were obtained in the green wood grafting in Lindera erythrocarpa on June 7, 1993. And five percent of the graft union were obtained in the hard wood grafting in Lindera erythrcoar pa on April 6. 1993.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.365-374
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• 2023

Eight years (2014-2021) of climate data were collected from an automatic weather observation system installed at the foot of Mt. Geumo in Chilgok, Gyeongbuk. Using these data, we investigated local bio-climatological indices (warmth index, WI; coldness index, CI; and effective accumulated temperature, EAT) of the mountain region adjacent to the Keimyung Dongyeong forest. The study area's WI and CI were 109.3℃ and -11.3℃ per month, respectively, averaged across 8 years. These values are indicative of an evergreen broad-leaved forest in the warm temperate climate zone, suitable for cultivating sweet persimmons and figs. Additionally, EAT in Dongyeong was 2,113.7℃, averaged across 8 years, suitable for growing crops such as corn, soybean, and potato.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.191-193
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• 2003

Temporal and spatial variability of phytoplankton pigment concentrations around the Korea Peninsula was described, using the monthly mean composite images of the SeaWiFS (Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor). The high pigment concentrations appear in the spring and fall in the East Sea The spring bloom in the southern regions (in April) occurs one month in advance in comparison with tint in the northern regions (in May). In summer season, the pigment concentrations are low all over the region in the East Sea And the high pigment concentrations exist yearly around warm stream along the coast of the East Sea, and in the coast of the West Sea and South Sea In particular, the high pigment concentrations linking near the mouth q the Yangze River to coast of South Sea in Korea appear during August to December.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.893-905
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• 2015

This study analyzes the correlation between Western Pacific (WP) teleconnection pattern index (WPI) in April during 1954-2008 and rainfall amounts in the same month. Based on the results, it is identified that there have been strong positive correlations between central China, Korea and the southwestern part of Japan in the East Asian region. Through differences between 10 positive WP years and 10 negative WP years selected from the April WPI excluding ENSO years, it is found that rainfall amounts increase in April of positive WP years due to the following characteristics. Increases in rainfall amounts are evident in the East Asian middle latitudinal region where the positive correlation between the two variables is the highest and this is because anomalous southwesterlies are strengthened in the East Asian middle latitudinal region due to the spatial pattern of a south-low-north-high anomalous pressure system centered on this region that is made by anomalous anticyclones centered on the southeastern side of the region and other anomalous anticyclones centered on the northeastern side of the region. In addition, anomalous westerlies (jet) are strengthen in the upper troposphere of the East Asian middle latitudinal region and as a result, anomalous upward flows are strengthened in this region and thus anomalous warm air temperatures are formed in the entire level of the troposphere in the region. In addition to atmospheric environments, anomalous warm sea surface temperatures are formed in the seas in the East Asian middle latitudinal region to help the rainfall amount increases in the East Asian middle latitudinal region.

• Atmosphere
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.509-520
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• 2018

The performance of the newly designed Pusan National University Coupled General Circulation Model (PNU CGCM) Ensemble Forecast System which produce 40 ensemble members for 12-month lead prediction is evaluated and analyzed in terms of boreal winter temperature over South Korea (S. Korea). The influence of ensemble size on prediction skill is examined with 40 ensemble members and the result shows that spreads of predictability are larger when the size of ensemble member is smaller. Moreover, it is suggested that more than 20 ensemble members are required for better prediction of statistically significant inter-annual variability of wintertime temperature over S. Korea. As for the ensemble average (ENS), it shows superior forecast skill compared to each ensemble member and has significant temporal correlation with Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) temperature at 99% confidence level. In addition to forecast skill for inter-annual variability of wintertime temperature over S. Korea, winter climatology around East Asia and synoptic characteristics of warm (above normal) and cold (below normal) winters are reasonably captured by PNU CGCM. For the categorical forecast with $3{\times}3$ contingency table, the deterministic forecast generally shows better performance than probabilistic forecast except for warm winter (hit rate of probabilistic forecast: 71%). It is also found that, in case of concentrated distribution of 40 ensemble members to one category out of the three, the probabilistic forecast tends to have relatively high predictability. Meanwhile, in the case when the ensemble members distribute evenly throughout the categories, the predictability becomes lower in the probabilistic forecast.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.292-303
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• 2022

Background: Climate change significantly influences the geographical distribution of plant species worldwide. Selecting indicator species allows for better-informed and more effective ecosystem management in response to climate change. The Korean Peninsula is the northernmost distribution zone of warm temperate evergreen broad-leaved (WTEB) species in Northeast Asia. Considering the ecological value of these species, we evaluated the current distribution range and future suitable habitat for 13 WTEB tree species designated as climate-sensitive biological indicator species. Results: Up-to-date and accurate WTEB species distribution maps were constructed using herbarium specimens and citizen science data from the Korea Biodiversity Observation Network. Current northern limits for several species have shifted to higher latitudes compared to previous records. For example, the northern latitude limit for Stauntonia hexaphylla is higher (37° 02' N, Deokjeokdo archipelago) than that reported previously (36° 13' N). The minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6) is the major factor influencing species distribution. Under future climate change scenarios, suitable habitats are predicted to expand toward higher latitudes inland and along the western coastal areas. Conclusions: Our results support the suitability of WTEB trees as significant biological indicators of species' responses to warming. The findings also suggest the need for consistent monitoring of species distribution shifts. This study provides an important baseline dataset for future monitoring and management of indicator species' responses to changing climate conditions in South Korea.

• Atmosphere
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.187-202
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• 2024

We analyzed the observed characteristics of monoterpene and developed an empirical formula for monoterpene concentration in the pine-dominated mixed forest of the National Center for Forest Therapy. Monoterpene was measured at 0800, 1200 and 1700 LST once a month using sorbent tube sampling coupled with thermal desorption gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Monoterpene concentration is low in winter and shows a maximum in June and July. The major components of monoterpene are alpha-pinene, camphene and beta-pinene. During the warm period from May to November, monoterpene concentration is higher at 0800 and 1700 LST than at 1200 LST. The empirical formula takes into account the vegetation variables, temperature-controlled emission, oxidation processes and dilution by wind. The vegetation variable accounts for the difference in observed monoterpene concentration between two sites. The observed monoterpene concentration normalized by the vegetation variable increases exponentially with air temperature. The oxidation process explains the lower monoterpene concentration at 1200 LST than at 0800 and 1700 LST during the warm period. The monoterpene estimates using the empirical formula shows a correlation of 0.52 with the observation for the development period (2018~2020), while it shows a correlation of 0.72 for the validation year (2021). Such higher correlation for the validation year than for the development period is due to the fact that variability of monoterpene concentration is better explained by air temperature in 2021 than in the development period. However, the developed formula underestimates the monoterpene concentration in May and June, showing the limitation in accurately capturing the monthly variation of monoterpene.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 1996

Environmental issues are getting imrx>rtant and the polluted environment is now c considered as one of the serious social problems which we have to face. As a result, most people hate an night soil-treating establishment to be built near their village. This paper is intended to reveal the present situation of Sanitary Environment Bureau in Iksan City and its treatment of night soil. The conclusions are as follows 1. The mean quantity of treated night soil per day was approximately 126kl In 1995, and the treated quantity per month was largest in the months from May to August, but smallest in January and February. The quantity of the largest month doubled the one of the smallest, and it is considered to be because the microorganisms are more active in the warm season than in the cold season, being a a ble to process more night soil. 2. The after-treatment sewage water is regarded as being in an optimalcondition because the examination of the water discharged from the establishment revealed the result of BOD 16.67mg/l and SS 14.78mg/l in 1995. 3. The expense for treating human waste was ￦19,582 in Iksan Sanitary Environment Bureau and it was considerably lower than the average expense through the nation, i.e. ￦22,000-25,000. But the cost should be expanded for keeping outworn equipments from the old age. 4. It is desirable for the Bureau to open the establishment so that any adult or student can come into it and watch all the treating processes. It will help the citizens understand the need for the establishment in spite of its nasty and ugly impression. Other cities or countries have to follow this model and try to provide their citizens with a cleaner environment by investing more fund technology for it.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.53-63
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• 2021

Changes in a marine environment have a broad socioeconomic implication on fisheries and their relevant industries so that there has been a growing demand for the medium-range (months to years) prediction of the marine environment Using a medium-range ocean prediction model (Ocean Mid-range prediction System, OMIDAS) for the northwest Pacific, this study attempted to assess seasonal difference in the mid-range predictability of the sea surface temperature (SST), focusing on the Korea seas characterized as a complex marine system. A three-month re-forecast experiment was conducted for each of the four seasons in 2016 starting from January, forced with Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) forecast data. The assessment using relative root-mean-square-error was taken for the last month SST of each experiment. Compared to the CFSv2, the OMIDAS revealed a better prediction skill for the Korea seas SST, particularly in the Yellow sea mainly due to a more realistic representation of the topography and current systems. Seasonally, the OMIDAS showed better predictability in the warm seasons (spring and summer) than in the cold seasons (fall and winter), suggesting seasonal dependency in predictability of the Korea seas. In addition, the mid-range predictability for the Korea seas significantly varies depending on regions: the predictability was higher in the East Sea than in the Yellow Sea. The improvement in the seasonal predictability for the Korea seas by OMIDAS highlights the importance of a regional ocean modeling system for a medium-range marine prediction.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.869-877
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• 2017

The monthly variations of zooplankton community were investigated at 12 stations near Tongyeong and Namhaedo in the South Sea of Korea from April to July, 2012. Zooplankton samples were collected by a plankton net (RN80) from near the bottom to the surface. Zooplankton community consisted of 97 taxa, and the mean abundance ranged from $213inds.m^{-3}$ in July to $426inds.m^{-3}$ in April. Copepods constituted 38.98% of zooplankton abundance, and included 39 species. Calanus sinicus, Corycaeus affinis, Paracalanus parvus s.l., copepodids, Evadne nordmonni, Podon leuckarti, cirriped nauplii, Muggiacea sp., Diphyes sp., and Zonosagitta bedoti were dominant species. Of these, Calanus sinicus was the most abundant throughout the study period, being constituted 18.6% of total zooplankton abundance. The density variations of dominant species between stations and months were correlated with the environmental factors. Zooplankton community varied with by sampling months, being influenced by monthly oceanographic variations.