• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigated the usefulness of MR perfusion image comparing with SPECT image. A total of pediatric 30 patients(average age : 7.8) with Moyamoya disease were performed MR Perfusion with 32 channel body coil at 3T from March 01, 2010 to June 10, 2010. The MRI sequences and parameters were as followed : gradient Echo-planar imaging(EPI), TR/TE : 2000ms/50ms, FA : $90^{\circ}$, FOV : $240{\times}240$, Matrix : $128{\times}128$, Thickness : 5mm, Gap : 1.5mm. Images were obtained contrast agent administrated at a rate of 1mL/sec after scan start 10s with a total of slice 1000 images(50 phase/1 slice). It was measured with visual color image and digitize data using MRDx software(IDL version 6.2) and also, it was compared of measurement with values of normal and abnormal ratio to analyze hemodynamic change, and a comparison between perfusion MR with technique using Warm Color at SPECT examination. On MR perfusion examination, the color images from abnormal region to the red collar with rCBV(relative cerebral blood volume) and rCBF(relative cerebral blood flow) caused by increase cerebral blood flow with brain vascular occlusion in surrounding collateral circulation advancement, the blood speed relatively was depicted slowly with blue in MTT(Mean Transit Time) and TTP(Time to Peak) images. The region which was visible abnormally from MR perfusion examination visually were detected as comparison with the same SPECT examination region, would be able to confirm the identical results in MMD(Moyamoya disease)judgments. Hymo-dynamic change in MR perfusion examination produced by increase and delay cerebral blood flow. This change with digitize data and being color imaging makes enable to distinguish between normal and abnormal area. Relatively, MR perfusion examination compared with SPECT examination could bring an excellent image with spatial resolution without radiation expose.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.245-263
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the thermoregulatory behavior of young males in terms of self-identified thermal tolerance. We recruited 436 male students from Seoul ($24.0{\pm}4.6yr$ in age, $175.3{\pm}5.5cm$ in height, $70.1{\pm}10.6kg$ in body mass, and $23.0{\pm}2.7$ in BMI) in accordance with four types of self-identified thermal tolerance: 1) tolerable of both cold and heat, BCH (N=15); 2) heat tolerable only, HTO (N=118); 3) cold tolerable only, CTO (N=162); and 4) neither cold nor heat tolerable, NCH (N=141). The questionnaire consisted of 55 questions regarding preference to cold or heat environment, seasonal thermoregulatory behaviors including clothing habits, seasonal sleeping environments, health care/physical fitness, and anthropometric items. The results showed that: 1) BCH preferred less auxiliary heating devices, gloves/hats, or thermal underwear in winter and had very few experiences with cold/heat injuries or catching a cold, whereas NCH showed the opposite behavior and experiences as BCH; 2) thermoregulatory behaviors were not symmetrical between summer and winter. Most male students preferred cold beverage/foods to using cooling devices to lower body temperature in summer, whereas auxiliary heating devices were preferred to warm beverage/foods to maintain body temperature in winter; 3) thermoregulatory behaviors of NCH had more items in common with HTO than CTO, while the behaviors of BCH were more closely related to CTO than the behaviors of BCH were more closely related to CTO than HTO. Overall, we confirmed that thermoregulatory behaviors were apparently classified by self-identified thermal tolerance, and such behaviors could be adjusted by improving cold or heat tolerance.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 2014

One year long time-series current data were obtained at two stations (K1 and K2) located in the Usan Trough in the area north of Ulleungdo in the East Sea from September 2006. The observed data reveal enhanced seafloor flows in both stations with variabilities of about 20 days which is possibly governed by the topographic Rossby wave. After February 2007, strong flow in the upper layer in St. K1 appears throughout the mooring period and this is due to the passage of the warm eddy comparing with satellite sea surface temperature data. During this period, no significant correlation between the current in the upper layer and those in two deep layers is shown indicating the eddy does not affect flows in the deep ocean. It is also observed that the flow direction rotates clockwise with depth in both stations except for the upper of the K1. This implies that the deep flow does not parallel to the isobaths exactly and it has a downwelling velocity component. The possibility of the flow from the Japan Basin to the Ulleung Basin across the Usan Trough is not evidenced from the data.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.11 s.158
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• pp.1636-1647
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to provide data that can be used to suggest idealistic anchor's image to capture ratings for the news program and to suggest guide for casting and training anchors for the broadcasting stations by examining the idealistic looks and images of TV news anchors by asking the general viewers who watch TV, The research methods was questionnaire survey. The subjects were 839 male and female audiences in theire 20's and 40's who residing in Seoul and Gyeonggi area. The study results are as follows: 1) The factors that decide impression of a female anchor The factors that decide female anchor's impression were 'specialty factor, friendliness factor, elegance factor, dynamic factor, and attractiveness factor'. 2) The difference in formation of impression according to makeup and hair style of a female anchor In case of specialty and friendliness factors scored high when putting on natural makeup, dynamic factors scored high when putting on elegant makeup, and attractiveness factor when putting on natural and romantic makeup. All factor were high when a female anchor had short-cut style and straight hair 3) Formation of anchor's impression from makeup and hair style according to the perceiver's variables (gender and age) Male and female audiences both gave hish score for a female anchor's specialty such as 'confident and reliable' and friendliness such as 'warm and comfortable' when a female anchor puts on natural makeup. They gave high score for attractiveness factor such as' good impression and refined' when putting on romantic makeup and high score for dynamic factor such as 'positive and confident' when putting on elegant makeup. Both male and female audiences gave high score fur all except friendliness factor when a female anchor had short-cut style compared to bobbed hair and high score far specialty factor when a female anchor had straight hair. The audiences both in their 20's and 40's gave high score for specialty and friendliness when a female anchor put on natural makeup while the perceivers at their 20's gave high score for elegance and dynamic factor when a female anchor put on elegant makeup. The audiences both in their 20's and 40's gave high score for all factors when female anchor had short-cut hair.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.225-238
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• 1997

Zooplankton distribution in the front zone was investigated in the East Sea of Korea (Sea of Japan). More than 100 taxa appeared in the study area, which was far diverse appearance being compared with those in West (Yellow Sea) and South Sea of Korea. In Nov. 1994, Paracalanus parvus, Oikopleura spp., and Noctiluca scintillans, which preferred warmer environment, predominated at the collection sites in the front zone, especially at warmer surface layer. But in Nov. 1995, when the surface water temperatures were about $2^{\circ}C$ lower than those of the previous year, cold water species of copepod Metridia lucens, immature forms of Calanus and Sagitta, and crustacean eggs dominated in the collection sites in front zone, which were geographically not Identical with those of the previous year. Vertical distributional patterns were not coincide among the taxa. This suggests that zooplankton has different specific habitat characteristics with temperatures. In general, those taxa with preference of warmer environments showed high probability of co-occurrance with low abundances while those that preferring colder environments showed low probability of co-occurrance with high abundances. It seems that warm water contributes to the high diversity of zooplankton in the front zone while cold water does to the high biomass.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.195-205
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• 2020

Oceanic conditions in walleye pollock habitat in the East Sea have shown decadal fluctuations between warm and cold periods in turn. Specifically, sea surface temperature (SST) has shown a dramatic increase between the late 1980s and the middle 2000s, and abrupt decreasing patterns after the late 2000s. Oceanic conditions in the Dong-han Bay (spawning ground) and middle eastern coastal waters (fishing ground), however, indicated different fluctuation trends in SST, increasing in the Dong-han Bay after the late 1980s, and decreasing after the late 2000s. These fluctuation patterns were especially clear in February and March. Sea surface temperature in the middle eastern coastal waters of Korea soared continuously after the late 1980s, but did not show a distinct decreasing pattern after the late 2000s compared with Dong han Bay, except for February SST values. These long term water temperature changes in both walleye pollock spawning and fishing ground are related to variation in walleye pollock landings. Especially, abrupt changes in spawning ground SST can be one of the factors influencing survival in the early ontogenesis of walleye pollock, including egg and yolk larval stages. During the 1980s, the area of suitable spawning temperature (2-5℃) was wider, and the length of Walleye pollock egg and larval stages greater compared with past and present oceanographic environments. However, such patterns did not correspond with the optimal spawning temperature range and greater length of development of walleye pollock during the late 1980s likely triggering a decline in pollock stock. In conclusion, it has been supposed that the dramatic decrease in walleye pollock landings in the East Sea since the late 1980s was caused by increasing water temperature leading to both early mortality and unsuitable spawning conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.13-23
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• 2000

The distributions of dissolved inorganic nutrient contents were investigated along transection line J (30° N) in the eastern East China Sea in December 1993 and August 1994, respectively. The concentrations of nitrate and silicate in the Kuroshio Surface Water (KSW) with high temperature and high salinity were low below 2μM and 5μM, respectively. However, these were increased sharply with depth and ranged from 20 to 40, 45 to 100μM, respectively, in the Kuroshio Intermediate Water (KIW). The relationship between temperature and nutrients suggests that Kuroshio Intermediate Water with rich nutrients were intruded into the bottom water of the outer continental shelf in the East China Sea. The bottom water of the outer continental shelf was made of two end-members mixing; nutrient depleted warm water and nutrient enriched cold water. Based on temperature, salinity and silicate concentration, the nutrients in the bottom water of the outer continental shelf suggusted to be supplied through the vertical mixing of Kuroshio subsurface water in the depth range of 100～400m. Upwelled nutrient rich water appears to be a important source of nutrients for primary production in the continental shelf area of the East China Sea.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1151-1159
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• 2014

In this study, two global simple indices are used to investigate climate variability and change in observations. Land-Ocean Contrast (LOC) is an index of area-averaged surface temperature contrast between land and ocean. Meridional Temperature Gradient (MTG) is defined as the mean meridional temperature gradient in the Northern Hemisphere from mid to high latitude and sub-tropical zonal bands. These indices have direct or indirect effects on changing in atmospheric circulations and atmospheric moisture transport from north-south or east-west into East Asia (EA). In addition, warm season hydrometeorology in EA is highly associated with water supplies for coupled human and natural systems including drinking water, irrigation, hydropower generation as well as fisheries. Therefore, in this study, we developed an empirical separation approach for summer rainfall from typhoon and monsoon. An exploratory analysis was also conducted to identify the regional patterns of summer monsoon precipitation over the Korean peninsula within the context of changes in different types of temperature gradients. The results show significant and consistent changes in summer monsoon rainfall during the summer season (June-September) in South Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.639-645
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the management efficiency of oak mushroom farms in Korea using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), which is one of the non-parametric estimation methods. The data that was analyzed in this study was from the result of 2013 survey entitled "Standard Diagnostic Table for Oak Mushroom Management", which was conducted from March 2012 to October 2012. This survey was based on the inputs and outputs of 20 oak mushroom farms. Specifically, this study analyzed the technical efficiency, pure-technical efficiency and scale efficiency using CCR and BCC model of the DEA methods. Furthermore, this study compares the management efficiency between the full time oak mushroom production farms and part time oak mushroom production farms. Results showed that mean value for the technical efficiency was 0.655 which is considered as inefficient in general. For the pure-technical efficiency and scale efficiency, the mean values were 0.830 and 0.747, respectively which showed that inefficiency in the management was observed in the mushroom farms. Results also showed that there were seven farms with a total efficiency of 1, namely Decision Making Unit(DMU)2, DMU5, DMU6, DMU8, DMU10, DMU15 and DMU20. The management efficiency of DMU7 specifically the inputs for production was analyzed and compared to DMU5 and DMU6 and results showed that the DMU7 had an excessive inoculation and site development cost. Lastly, it was also observed that the full time mushroom production farms were more efficient as compared to the part time mushroom farms because of the lower scale efficiency value or smaller area for mushroom production allotted in the part time farms.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.323-330
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• 1988

The spatial distribution of sea water temperature variation pattern in the South-eastern coastal region of Korea was studied by empirical orthogonal function (E. O. F) analysis in several depths from surface to 300m using the monthly mean water temperature averaged for 23 years, water mass analysis by T. S diagram and sectional diagram of water temperature. Typical type of water temperature variation in this area can be divided into surface (0m-50m), subsurface (100m-150m) and intermediate (200m-300m) layer. The first mode value of water temperature change on the surface layer showed $99\%$ of total variation, and decreased with the increase of the depth. It is deduced to be in the range of $60-70\%$ on the 300m layer. The representative type of water temperature fluctuation by the first mode in each layer is as follows. Water temperature change in the surface layer showed a seasonal variation. In the subsurface layer, it is governed by the interaction of the Tsushima Warm Current water with the cold water and by the heat transfer process from the upper layer. In the intermediate layer, water temperature variation seems to be governed by the advection of the bottom cold water.