• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2006

집단살해, 인도에 반하는 범죄와 전쟁 범죄가 정당화 될 수 있거나, 방어적인 힘, 자위권, 기타의 방어와 소유권의 방어에 의해 면책될 수 있었던 것은 상당히 부조리하게 보인다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 국제형사재판소의 로마규정 제31조(1)(c)는 형사책임을 제외할만한 근거로서 방어적인 힘을 성문화하고 있다. 이 조항은 논의의 여지가 있고 주로 세계의 여러 가지 국내의 법률 제도 사이에 범죄의 방어에 관해서 존재하는 개념적 차이 때문에 1998년 로마 회의에서 협정하기 상당히 어려웠다. 이 논문은 로마규정 제31조(1)(c)항의 배경과 그 역사, 로마규정의 아래에서 방어적인 힘의 정확한 범위를 차례로 해명하기 위해 분석한다. 그 다음 집단살해죄, 인도에 반하는 죄와 전쟁범죄에서 조항의 적용성을 확인한다. ICC검찰국의 수사관이 실제로 ICC규정상 범죄행위에 대하여 수사를 할 것이다. 수사관이 수사를 할 각 범죄에 대한 구성요건을 살펴볼 것이다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.169-188
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• 2008

Analyzing on an object in the sphere of domestic law with the method of international law has been already on the horizon in international law. For the lawyers of international law and space law, it is quite natural that they utilize the method of international law, whatever objects they may choice. The reason is that the characteristic of international law do not depend upon object in itself, but depend upon method in itself. The object of this paper is the idea of Peaceful Use(IPU or PU) in Japanese Space Policy. The method to be applied to this analysis is the international law's interpretation theory on legal principles, i.e., the method of international law. One of the aims of this paper is to explain critically the need of review on IPU in Japanese Space Policy; in particular with respect to the positive reconstruction of IPU through historical analyzing on the transfiguration and the mere shell of the Post-War Japanese Pacifism(PJP) as the starting point of IPU. The historical process of the transfiguration and the mere shell is as followed, i.e., "from the ultra-nationalism in the pre-war Japan to PJP in the post-war Japan, from PJP to IPU, and from IPU to IPU's regression. In particular with respect to the interpretation theory, the meaning of the teleological, aims and objects school's approach on the interpretation of legal principles(P) has been emphasized. The reason is that the promising development of IPU will be realized by cooperating with the interpretation theory on P in international law. At the end of the beginning, I'd like to quote K. Marx's thesis in order to make the positions and missions the lawyers of international law and space clear. It is as follows, i.e., "THE PHILOSOPHERS HAVE ONLY INTERPRETED THE WORLD IN VARIOUS WAYS - THE POINT, HOWEVER IS TO CHANGE IT.

• Strategy21
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• 통권44호
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• pp.291-322
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• 2018

This research aims to cast light upon security characteristics of the Peace Line, which have been underestimated. To understand maritime order and maritime security policy of the Republic of Korea between 1950 and 1970, it is necessary to analyze the Peace Line as line of defence and to investigate its character This research begins with analyzation of historical facts and investigation on security characteristics of the Peace Line. It goes further to examination of legal justification of the Peace Line, which was one of international legal issues of the period, principally regarding its security characteristics. As results of the study, it could be said that the security characteristics of the Peace Line was the line of defensive waters, which set its goal mainly to prevent infiltration of communist spies. The Peace Line had practical effect as it functioned as a base line of the ROK Navy to take anti-spy operation. At the early phase of the Korea-Japan Negotiation, the Korea delegation interpreted significance of the Peace Line passively. After abrogation of Clark Line, the delegation, however, became positive to maintain the Peace Line and its security characteristics. Security characteristics of the Peace Line was recognized again, as it became the base line of special maritime zone which was made in 1972. Through analysis on international law, it is concluded that the Peace Line was fair as a part of the right of self-defense against indirect aggression. North Korea attempted indirect aggression mainly from sea way, and these might undermine peace and cause urgent and unjust damage on the ROK. Thus the ROK's action of anti-spy operation through the Peace Line can be justifiable as considering the right of self-defence. Also the Peace Line accorded with principles of necessity, immediacy and proportionality. As it was argued on the above, the Peace Line as line of defence was one of the most significant factor in the ROK's maritime security history from the Hot war against communist forces to Cold war period after Korean War and must not be underestimated.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제17권
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• pp.73-92
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• 2004

The present article deals with the concept 'ekayāna' as the spirit of the times in the period of Unifying War in Shilla, which is embodied in the thought of Wonhyo and Euisang. This article is divided into five sections. Section I introduces the background of research history regarding the spirit of the age during the Unifying War, and explaines the reason why we adopted two thinkers such as Wonhyo and Euisang, especially the concept 'ekayāna' of the two as a subject for inquiry. Section II discusses on the hermeneutical difference between the Chinese Faxiang sect and Wonhyo regarding the interpretation of one passage from Saṃdhinirmocana-Sūtra, in which the relation between ekayāna and triyāna is explained. It is noteworthy that Faxiang sect places emphasis on the differentiation of triyāna, but Wonhyo gives emphasis to equality of ekayāna. Section III refers to the hermeneutical horizons of Wonhyo which is connoted in the interpretation of Saṃdhinirmocana-Sūtra, especially focusing on the concept 'ekayāna'. Here we can make a conclusion as follows; Firstly, the 'ekayāna' in Wonhyo is immanent in 'triyāna' and at the same time transcendental from 'triyāna', so to speak 'com-transcendetal' with 'triyāna'. Secondly, there is inseparable and unmixable relation between 'ekayāna' and beings. In another words, 'ekayāna' is śūnyatā. Thirdly, 'ekayāna' is a kind of universal truth(普法 pŭ fă) in that it offers the benefit to open and develop the immanent buddhadhātu of all living lives. In addition to Wonhyo's thought on ekayāna, section IV refers to the concept 'ekayāna' of Euisang. On Euisang, 'ekayāna' is 'the perfect teaching(圓敎 yuán jiào)' and 'pratītyasamutpāda'. From this point of view, we can conclude that the thought on ekayāna between the two, Wonhyo and Euisang is not different, and completely coherent. As a result, as it is concluded in section V, it is also clear that ekayāna has 'com-transcendental' relation to triyāna. Therefore we can safely make a conclusion that the spirit of the times in the period of Unifying War in Shilla among the leading thinkers is the vision for 'com-transcendency'.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제4호
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• pp.203-239
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• 2006

As it is known, during the Second World War Greece has fought on the side of the allies and the end of the war found the country on the winners' side. However, the struggle for authority right after 1945 was merciless and extremely difficult, as well as dangerous for the course of the country to the future. The political powers were divided between the legal authorities that were represented by the king and formed the exiled government on the one hand and the part of the resistance teams and the rebels of the left that had a soviet friendly direction on the other. Thus, the start of a civil war was just a matter of time. It fin ally started in 1947 and lasted for more than two years. The consequences were disastrous for the country's economy and decisive for the future course of Greece. The national army prevailed with the help of, mostly, the English. Royal parliamentary democracy was established with a clear political turn to the west, as a completion and adaptation of the Agreement of the Great Powers at Yalta. Art had a 'similar' route. Dipolar, contradictory: conservative choices on the one side, and a will for pioneering inspiration and perspective on the other side. The 'dominate' trend was first evident in sculpture and mainly in the public monuments. Their construction aimed mostly at the public propaganda and at the promotion of the sovereign ideology. On the one side we have the public sculptures composed of faces of contemporary heroes or leading figures of the civic war and the national resistance. On the other side we have monumental statues mainly that appeal to a 'public' outside of the country's borders and mostly of the north borders, where there are countries with a communistic regime, like Bulgaria, Serbia and Albania. Their subject is derived from the heroic events of the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and ancient historical figures like Alexander the Great as the Greek army leader, his father, Philippos II and Aristotle, who was of a north-Greek origin. The political message is twofold: on the one side the 'inner enemy' the communists that were defeated and the promotion of the new liberal social system and on the other side the north neighbours, which not only represent the East Block, but they also conspire the history and the culture of the Greeks. This is the way how the 'Cold War' was resulted in a full and totalitarian expression in art.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제13호
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• pp.35-71
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• 2012

The purpose of this essay is to examine the responses of artists on nuclear experiences through an analysis of the nuclear images represented in contemporary Japanese art. Japan has previously as twice experienced nuclear disaster in 20th century. The first atomic bombs were dropped in 1945 as well as the 5th Fukuryumaru, Japanese pelagic fishing boat, exposed by hydrogen bomb test operated by the US in 1954 nearby Bikini atoll. Due to Tsunami taken place by the great earthquake that caused the meltdown of Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant in March 2010, Japan is being experienced a nuclear disaster again. Despite practical experiences, comtemporary Japanese art has avoided the subject of nuclear disasters since the end of the Asia-Pacific War for a variety of reasons. Firstly, GHQ prohibited to record or depict the terrible effect of atomic bomb until 1946. Secondly, Japanese government has tried to sweep the affair under the carpet quite a while a fact of nuclear damage to their people. Because Japan has produced numerous war record paintings during the Second World War, in the aftermath of the defeated war, most of Japanese artists thought that dealing with politics, economics, and social subject was irrelevant to art as well as style of amateur in order to erase their melancholic memory on it. In addition, silence that was intended to inhibit victims of nuclear disasters from being provoked psychologically has continued the oblivion on nuclear disasters. For these reasons, to speak on nuclear bombs has been a kind of taboo in Japan. However, shortly after the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, the artist couple Iri and Toshi Maruki visited to ruin site as a volunteer for Victim Relief. They portrayed the horrible scenes of the legacy of nuclear bomb since 1950 based on their observation. Under the condition of rapid economical growth in 1960s and 1970s, Japanese subculture such as comics, TV animations, plastic model, and games produced a variety of post apocalyptic images recalling the war between the USA and Japanese militarism, and battle simulation based on nuclear energy. While having grown up watching subculture emerged as Japan Neo-Pop in 1990s, New generation appreciate atomic images such as mushroom cloud which symbolizes atomic bomb of Hiroshima. Takashi Murakami and other Neo-Pop artists appropriate mushroom cloud image in their work. Murakami curated three exhibitions including and persists in superflat and infantilism as an evidence in order to analyze contemporary Japanese society. However, his concept, which is based on atomic bomb radiation exposure experience only claimed on damage and sacrifice, does not reflect Japan as the harmer. Japan has been constructing nuclear power plants since 1954 in the same year when the 5th Fukuryumaru has exposed until the meltdown of Fukushima Nuclear Plant although took place of nuclear radiation exposures of Three Mile and Chernobyl. Due to the exploding of Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant, Japan reconsiders the danger of nuclear disaster. In conclusion, the purpose of this paper may be found that the sense of victim which flowed in contemporary art is able to inquire into the response of artist on the subject of nuclear as well as the relationship between society, politics, culture, and modern history of Japan and international political situation.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제25권
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• pp.55-85
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• 2011

Many States such as Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, California, New Mexico, Florida were obtained either from Spanish Empire or from Mexico. In 1848 due to the Guadalupe-Hidalgo treaty America could obtain half of the original territory of Mexico. American identity cannot be understood without the history of American expansionism further consolidated by the Spanish-American War in 1898, which brought other ex-Spanish colonies such as Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines to the US. The US's interest in these territories dates back to the Monroe doctrine in 1823 when Monroe "declared the Americas off-limits to any new European colonization." America justifies their expansion based on the notion of Manifest Destiny which was created by O'Sullivan at the hight of American fever to annex Texas to US. The intent of this paper is to study how Anglo-Saxon and Latin Culture clashed against each other especially right before and after the Spanish-American War. In this study the American hero, Theodore Roosevelt and Latin American hero, $Jos{\acute{e}}$ Martí will be compared, though they did not meet each other during the Spanish-American war due to Marti's early death in 1895 at the battle for the Cuba Libre. Their comparison is significant in that the former represents the American expansionist spirit and the latter the spirit of Anti-imperialism and Anti-Anglocentrism. Along with the concept of Manifest Destiny of America, 'American exceptionalism' is also mentioned which motivates U.S. to expand further even after the Spanish-American war in the form of 'informal imperialism' characterized by 'gunboat politics'of the US. These discussions will draw attention to how recent theorists such as Bryce Traister criticizes the Border Theory represented by $Jos{\acute{e}}$ David Saldívar. Here the Border Theory is criticized to repeat the discourse of the globalized capitalism which prefers the weak state and the transnational aspects by focusing on the in-betweenness of the border. In the end the paper will focus on how the Border theory as represented by Saldivar is political enough and sets up a resistant example against American expansionism of today in its focus on the call for pan-American and pluri-versal subjectivity of the borderlands. This point will be supported by a discussion of how Saldivar's view is confirmed by Walter Mignolo who advocates the "bottom up" resistance of the indigenous people of Chiapas and other social forums such as World Social Forum and the Social Forum of the Americas derived from the Zapatistas' movement whose motto is "A World in which many world co-exist."

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.69-87
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• 1999

This study had been analysed the establishment, the closing and the actual conditions of the fisheries school according to the four times revision and promulgation of the law of education of korea which were devided by the early term (the first Chosun educational decree), the middle term (the second Chosun educational decree) and the last term (the third and fourth Chosun educational decree), and also been investigated how the fisheries education of the school had been acted to the mobocracy and the assimilation policy and together with it's back ground through this analysis. The aim of this study is to contribute to the study of the history of the fisheries school education, analysis of change of the fisheries school education according to practical application of the Chosun educational decree. The summary of the characteristic of the each term are as under. First, in the early term of the fisheries education under the first Chosun educational decree, Experts were despatched to the each province with donated money from emperor and opened seasonal the fishing training centre, a kind of social fisheries education, and trained directly fishing technic and were going to train fisheries trainees regularly under name of elementary fisheries school. Japanese imperialism attached great importance to the vocational education in order to snack economical products from colonized Korea but actually had a purpose to train low quality technician who follow blindly their colony policy of Japanese imperialism. The fisheries schools in the circle of system in early time of Japanese imperialism, Kunsan public elementary fisheries school was established in April 1915, Yosu public elementary fisheries school was established ill May 1917 and Kyungnam Tongyoung training school was established in March 1917. Secondly, After 3.1 movement, the Japanese imperialism established an appeasement policy so called cultural politics and continued assimilation policy with skilful methods. After revision of the second Chosun educational decree, the Elementary vocational school was changed as the vocational training school. The school of fisheries education in middle of Japanese imperialism trained low quality technicians to snack fisheries resources from colonized Korea. After the middle of Japanese imperialism they paid attention on training fisheries technician through fisheries school rather than training school. With high interest and crowded volunteers, Kunsan public fisheries school was promoted in 1922, Tongyoung public fisheries school was promoted in 1923, Yongampo fisheries training school established in 1922 was promoted as Yongampo public fisheries school in 1926. Thirdly, in the time of the third and fourth Chosun educational decree, the end of Japanese imperialism, they met Pacific war after Japan vs China war. During the war time they considered the vocational school as the source of supply for materials and manpower and consequently had to expanded vocational education and systematically despatched students to war field and practiced military training. In 1938, Namhae public fisheries school was established and Chungjin fisheries school was permitted. But in order to supply manpower to Pacific war, the study period of Yosu public fisheries school was shorten from 5 years to 4 year in 1943 and also that of Tongyoung public fisheries school shorten in 1944.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권41호
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• pp.253-277
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• 2015

2014년 5월 FPS 게임 <울펜슈타인 더 뉴 오더(Wolfenstein The New order), 2014>는 출시된 직후 영국 주간차트 플랫폼 부분에서 상위에 오르는 등 게임유저들의 흥미를 유도하였다. 이러한 세계적 흥행에 대해 Colin Moriarty(2014)는 "나치가 2차 세계대전에서 승리했다면 어떻게 되었을까?" 라는 대체 역사적 서사구성을 구현하였기 때문이라고 하였다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 기존의 전통적인 FPS 게임과는 다른 울펜슈타인의 최신작 <울펜슈타인 더 뉴 오더(Wolfenstein The New order), 2014>를 사례대상으로 하여 대체 역사적 특성이 어떻게 게임 트레일러와 그래픽 디자인 속에서 내재되는지 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해, 첫째, 대체역사의 정의와 등장 배경, 그리고, 소설, 영화, 게임에서 구현된 대체 역사적 특성에 대해 문헌과 사례를 중심으로 고찰한다. 이를 바탕으로 둘째, '대체 역사'의 서사구성에 대해 (1)실제 역사 소재의 차용, (2)실제와 허구 역사와의 연계, (3)재해석을 통한 대체 역사적 변용 등 순차적으로 분류하였다. 셋째, <울펜슈타인 더 뉴 오더, 2014>의 실사영상 게임 트레일러에 대해 3단계 순차적 서사구성을 중심으로 내러티브에 대해 분석하고, 그래픽으로 구현된 게임캐릭터와 배경에 대해 (1)공간적 배경, (2)등장캐릭터, (3)소품을 기준으로 사례 분석을 진행한다. <울펜슈타인 더 뉴 오더, 2014>의 서사적 구성은 첫째, '차용'의 단계에서 2차 대전 관련 역사적 영상자료를 재구성하여 연출하였으며, 둘째, '연계' 에서는 역사 속 실제 사건이 아닌 당시에 있을 법한 '정황적 허구사건을 통한 연계'로 대체역사적 기점을 구성하였다. 셋째, '변용'의 단계에서는 과거역사의 맥락을 유지하는 '한정적 허구역사'를 SF적 디자인의 그래픽을 통해 게임 속 캐릭터와 공간배경을 디스토피아적 세계로 완성도 있게 구축하였음을 알 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해, <울펜슈타인 더 뉴 오더 (2014)>의 트레일러 영상은 역사기록 영상의 차용을 통한 서사적 구성과 실제를 바탕한 게임 디자인을 효과적으로 재현 및 연출함으로써, 대체역사적 구성이 범세계적 게임 영역에까지 확장되며, 대중오락문화의 수요에 부합함을 알 수 있다.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제29권
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• pp.133-152
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• 2023

야외에 위치한 대형 군사문화유산의 장기적 보존을 위해 선행연구를 참고하여 과거에 이루어진 도료를 통한 도장 기술의 역사를 살펴보았으며, 전쟁기념관 소장 H-13 헬기의 분석 결과와 비교하였다. 선행연구에서 제2차 세계대전에 참여하여 지상에서 발굴된 난파기 3점에서 샘플을 수집해 분석한 결과, 항공기의 각 샘플에서 크롬의 다양한 화학적인 상태의 특성이 보호 코팅에 대한 역할 수행을 확인할 수 있었다. 약 80년이 지나 도료층의 변질과 자연환경에 장기간 노출되었는데도, 이 화합물은 1940년도 초에 부식 억제 안료로서 테스트 되었으며, 수분에 저항력을 갖는 훌륭한 억제력을 제공했다. 이런 이유로 항공 산업에서 알루미늄 합금의 부식 억제제로 널리 사용되었다. 즉 부식을 방지하기 위해 가장 널리 사용되는 재료는 크롬산염을 함유한 유기 프라이머였다. 본 연구에서 6·25전쟁에 운용되었던 H-13 헬기의 도료분석을 토대로 두 번째 층인 프라이머가 산화크롬(Cr₂O₃)을 포함하고 있음을 보여준다. 또한 적색의 사산화삼납(Pb₃O₄)을 전색제에 녹여 사용한 것으로 추정된다. 이를 선행연구와 비교한 결과 크롬산염이 제공하는 부식 방지 기능이 여전히 유효한지 여부를 명확히하는 데 도움이 될 수 있다. 적외선 분광분석 결과는 알키드 수지(Alkyd Resin)의 도료가 사용되었다. 향후 보다 다양한 유물과의 비교를 통해 합금을 부식으로부터 보호하기 위한 도료의 제작 기술 변화를 해석할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.