• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.124-127
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 초광대역 무선 통신에 안티포달 펄스 신호를 이용하고, 기존의 초광대역 시간도약 모노펄스 통신에서 규칙적인 펄스를 전송할 때 발생하는 전력 스펙트럼에서의 에너지 스파크 현상을 완화시키기 위하여 의사잡음 부호와 왈쉬 부호를 사용하였을 때의 전력 스펙트럼 특성을 비교, 분석하였다. 그 결과, 초광대역 안티포달 임펄스 통신에서의 두 가지 부호 방식의 이용으로 에너지 스파크 현상이 완화되고 고속의 시간도약 부호를 이용하지 않더라도 완만한 전력스펙트럼 특성을 얻을 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.3-38
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• 1996

The mobile station shall convolutionally encode the data transmitted on the reverse traffic channel and the access channel prior to interleaving. Code symbols output from the convolutional encoder are repeated before being interleaved except the 9600 bps data rate. All the symbols are then interleaved, 64-ary orthogonal modulation, direct-sequence spreading, quadrature spreading, baseband filtering and QPSK transmission. The sync, paging, and forward traffic channel except the pilot channel in the forward CDMA channel are convolutionally encoded, block interleaved, spread with Walsh function at a fixed chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps to provide orthogonal channelization among all code channels. Following the spreading operation, the I and Q impulses are applied to respective baseband filters. After that, these impulses shall be transmitted by QPSK. Authentication in the CDMA system is the process for confirming the identity of the mobile station by exchanging information between a mobile station and the base station. The authentication scheme is to generate a 18-bit hash code from the 152-bit message length appended with 24-bit or 40-bit padding. Several techniques are proposed for the authentication data computation in this paper. To protect sensitive subscriber information, it shall be required enciphering ceratin fields of selected traffic channel signaling messages. The message encryption can be accomplished in two ways, i.e., external encryption and internal encryption.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.97-107
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• 2011

Nowadays there are a lot of issues about copyright infringement in the Internet world because the digital content on the network can be copied and delivered easily. Indeed the copied version has same quality with the original one. So, copyright owners and content provider want a powerful solution to protect their content. The popular one of the solutions was DRM (digital rights management) that is based on encryption technology and rights control. However, DRM-free service was launched after Steve Jobs who is CEO of Apple proposed a new music service paradigm without DRM, and the DRM is disappeared at the online music market. Even though the online music service decided to not equip the DRM solution, copyright owners and content providers are still searching a solution to protect their content. A solution to replace the DRM technology is digital audio watermarking technology which can embed copyright information into the music. In this paper, the author proposed a new audio watermarking algorithm with two approaches. First, the watermark information is generated by two dimensional barcode which has error correction code. So, the information can be recovered by itself if the errors fall into the range of the error tolerance. The other one is to use chirp sequence of CDMA (code division multiple access). These make the algorithm robust to the several malicious attacks. There are many 2D barcodes. Especially, QR code which is one of the matrix barcodes can express the information and the expression is freer than that of the other matrix barcodes. QR code has the square patterns with double at the three corners and these indicate the boundary of the symbol. This feature of the QR code is proper to express the watermark information. That is, because the QR code is 2D barcodes, nonlinear code and matrix code, it can be modulated to the spread spectrum and can be used for the watermarking algorithm. The proposed algorithm assigns the different spread spectrum sequences to the individual users respectively. In the case that the assigned code sequences are orthogonal, we can identify the watermark information of the individual user from an audio content. The algorithm used the Walsh code as an orthogonal code. The watermark information is rearranged to the 1D sequence from 2D barcode and modulated by the Walsh code. The modulated watermark information is embedded into the DCT (discrete cosine transform) domain of the original audio content. For the performance evaluation, I used 3 audio samples, "Amazing Grace", "Oh! Carol" and "Take me home country roads", The attacks for the robustness test were MP3 compression, echo attack, and sub woofer boost. The MP3 compression was performed by a tool of Cool Edit Pro 2.0. The specification of MP3 was CBR(Constant Bit Rate) 128kbps, 44,100Hz, and stereo. The echo attack had the echo with initial volume 70%, decay 75%, and delay 100msec. The sub woofer boost attack was a modification attack of low frequency part in the Fourier coefficients. The test results showed the proposed algorithm is robust to the attacks. In the MP3 attack, the strength of the watermark information is not affected, and then the watermark can be detected from all of the sample audios. In the sub woofer boost attack, the watermark was detected when the strength is 0.3. Also, in the case of echo attack, the watermark can be identified if the strength is greater and equal than 0.5.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2017

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is promising medium access control schemes for underwater acoustic sensor networks because of its robustness against frequency-selective fading and high frequency-reuse efficiency. In this paper, we design diversity schemes of underwater CDMA transceiver for the forward and reverse links. User data are multiplexed by Walsh code and a pseudo random noise code acquisition process is added for phase error correction before decoding the user data at the receiver. Then, the diversity reception using equal gain combining and maximal ratio combining is performed in order to minimize performance degradation caused by rich multipath fading of underwater acoustic channel. We evaluated the performance of diversity transceiver through lake experiment, which was performed at Lake Kyungcheon, Mungyeong city using two transmitters and two receivers placed 460 m apart at an average depth of 40 m. The lake experiment results show that user data are recovered with error-free in both of the forward and reverse links.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.491-501
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• 2014

Recently, the need for disaster-preventing broadcast has increased gradually to cope with natural disaster like earthquake and tsunami causing enormous losses of both life and property. In disaster-preventing broadcast system, the wake-up signal is used to alert user terminal and switch the current state of channel to the emergency channel, which is for the fast and efficient delivery of emergency information. In this paper, we propose the detection method of wake-up signal for disaster-preventing broadcast systems. The wake-up signals for disaster-preventing broadcast should have a good auto-correlation property in low power and narrow-band conditions that does not affect the existing digital television (DTV) system. The suitability of the m-sequence and complementary code (CC) is analyzed for wake-up signals according to signal to noise ratio. A wake-up signal is proposed by combining the direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technique and pseudo noise (PN) sequences such as Barker and Walsh-Hadamard codes. By using the proposed method, a higher detecting performance can be achieved by the spreading gain compared to the single long m-sequence and the Golay code.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.115-120
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• 2002

This paper presents the implementation of IS-95 CDMA signal processor, baseband and Intermediate Frequency(IF) digital converter using Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA) and ADC/DAC and frequency up/down converter IS-95 CDMA channel processor is generated the pilot channel signal with short PN code and Walsh-code generator. The digital If is composed of FPGA. digital transmit/receive signal processor and high speed analog-to-digital converter(ADC) and digital-to-analog converter(DAC). The frequency up/down converter consisted of filter, mixer, digital attenuator and PLL is analog conversion between intermediate frequency(IF) and baseband. This implemented system can be deployed in the IS-95 CDMA base station device etc.

• Journal of Satellite, Information and Communications
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.92-96
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• 2010

We propose a new satellite OFDMA(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) scheme with greatly enhanced tolerance of timing offset among the users. In uplink OFDMA systems, timing misalignment among users destroys subcarrier orthogonality and thus, it degrades the performance. In order to avoid this performance degradation, the accurate processing, so called 'ranging', is required to synchronize among users. However, ranging scheme is not available in the satellite systems due to the very long round trip delay. Exploiting the property that PSW(Propoerly Scrambled Walsh-code) code has zero correlation despite ${\pm}1$ chip timing offset, the proposed OFDMA achieves MAI free performance with the timing offset up to ${\pm}1$ OFDM symbol duration for the satellite systems.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics C
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• v.34C no.2
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• pp.1-11
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• 1997

We developed a base station modulator ASIC for CDMA digital cellular system. In CDMA digital cellular system, the modulation is performed by convolutional encoding and QPSK with spread spectrum. The function blocks of base station modulator are CRC, convolutional encoder, interleaver pseudo-moise scrambler, power control bit puncturing, walsh cover, QPSK, gain controller, combiner and multiplexer. Each function block was designed by the logic synthesis of VHDL codes. The VHDL code was described at register transfer level and the size of code is about 8,000 lines. The circuit simulation and logic simulation were performed by COMPASS tools. The chip (ES-C2212B CMB) contains 25,205 gates and 3 Kbit SRAM, and its chip size is 5.25 mm * 5,45 mm in 0.8 mm CMOS cell-based design technology. It is packaged in 68 pin PLCC and the power dissipation at 10MHz is 300 mW at 5V. The ASIC has been fully tested and successfully working on the CDMA base station system.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.27 no.4B
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• pp.291-297
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• 2002

Due to the increasing demand for high data multimedia service, there has been progressing study of adaptive smart antenna to increase both the performance and capacity using limited wireless resource. IS-95 scheme in the origin of cdma2000 of IMT-2000 standard uses signals of spreading and Walsh-Orthogonal Modulation in reverse link. But, in the case of reverse lint there exists difficulty in synchronous of signals transmitted from users. Therefore, orthogonality between users is not satisfied. So, asynchronous MC-CDMA scheme may yield low performance. In this paper, MC/DS-CDMA scheme to reverse link transmission in adaptive array antenna environment is proposed for spreading the S/P-converted data streams using a given spreading code. Due to frequency diversity effect, simulation results show that the proposed system provides improved BER performance and narrow band interference supple psi on.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2003

We analyze the performances of MC-CDMA and MC-DS/CDMA systems on quasi-synchronized mobile satellite return link. Quasi-synchronization is considered that chip offset between user terminals is within a few chips. Since the transmitted signals of MC-CDMA and MC-DS/CDMA systems have non-constant envelop, they are easily distorted by nonlinearity of transmit amplifier. Since the nonlinear amplifier input signal level of MC-CDMA system using Walsh code to employ frequency domain spreading is lower than that of MC-DS/CDMA system, performance of single user in MC-CDMA system is respectively 2.3dB and 1dB better than that of MC-DS/CDMA system when amplifier input backoff is 0dB and 6dB. However, since interference of MC-DS/CDMA is less than that of MC-CDMA with many subcarriers in quasi-synchronization and AWGN channel, MC-DS/CDMA system is much better than MC-CDMA system as the number of users increases.