• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.201-216
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• 2013

The purpose of this case-control study was to show the relationship between risk factor(Sex, Age, Martial Status, Educational Periods, Family history, Variables of Obesity, Smoking Status, Drinking Status, Past History, Blood Test) and the incidence of stroke. Methods: 788 stroke patients were enrolled as the case group and 450 non-stroke patients as control group from Sep.2006 to Dec.2010. Patients were hospitalized within 30 days after the onset of stroke. Risk factors and warning signs were obtained from personal interview by oriental medicine doctors who used CRF. Results: 1. Age was found to have significant relation with stroke(p<.0001). 2. Martial status(p<.0001, OR=0.44) and educational periods(p<.0001) were both significant risk factor for stroke. 3. As a result of reviewing the influence of family history, it was found to have no significant relation with stroke. Stroke was found to have significant relation with stroke(OR=1.50). 4. Female waist circumference(WC, p<.0001) and female waist-hip circumference ratio(WHR, p<.0001) were risk factors for stroke. On the other hand, male WC and male WHR showed no significant influence on stroke occurrence as an independent risk factor. 5. Both smoking status(p<.0001, current smoker OR=8.95) and drinking status(p<.0001, current drinker OR=2.50, former drinker OR=2.82) were significant risk factors for stroke. 6. As a result of reviewing the influence of past history, transient ischemic attack(p<.0001, OR=8.46), hypertension(p<.0001, OR=4.72), hyperlipidemia(0.0064), diabetes mellitus(p<.0001, OR=3.34), stroke(p<.0001, OR=50.26) were significant risk factors. On the other hand, ischemic heart disease(p=0.2332) was found to have no significant relation with stroke. 7. Increase of WBC, RBC, Platelet, TG, FBS and Cl- level were significant risk factor of stroke, On the other hand, decrease of Hgb, Hct, AST, HDL-chol, LDH, Na+ and K+ level were significant risk factor of stroke. T-chol and ALT level showed no significant influence on stroke occurrence.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.176-189
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• 2012

This study examined the effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on obese women and aimed to confirm that the effects of KRG on obesity differ dependently on a gene. Fifty obese women were recruited and randomized to receive KRG (n=24) or placebo (n=26) for 8 wk. Measurements of blood pressure, height, weight, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio (WHR), total fat mass, percentage of body fat, resting metabolic rate, basal body temperature, and daily food intake (FI), blood test (serum lipid, liver and renal function), Korean version of obesity-related quality of life scale (KOQOL), and a gene examination were performed. Comparisons of subjects before and after the administration of KRG revealed significant improvements of obesity in terms of weight, body mass index (BMI), WHR, FI, and KOQOL. However, in the comparison between KRG group and placebo group, only KOQOL was significantly different. KRG displayed significant efficacy on BMI and KOQOL in the CT genotype of the G protein beta 3 gene, but not in the CC genotype, on blood sugar test in the Trp64/Arg genotype of the beta 3 adrenergic receptor gene, but not in Trp64/Trp genotype, on KOQOL in the DD genotype of the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene, but not in the ID and DD genotypes. The effects of KRG on obesity were confirmed to some extent. However, a distinct effect compared to placebo was not confirmed. KRG is more effective for improving the secondary issues of the quality of life derived from obesity rather than having direct effects on the obesity-related anthropometric assessment and blood test indices.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.98-112
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• 2004

This study was done to investigate and compare the nutritional status and plasma lipids in the diabetes and control elderly. Subjects were 105 persons (male 32, female 73) aged over 65 years and visited public health centers in Ulsan area. The subjects were divided into 2 groups, diabetes and control group. Athropometric measurement, dietary intakes, and plasma biochemical indices were examined. Body Mass Index (BMI), Percentage of Ideal Body Weight (PIBW) and Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR) of diabetes group were higher than those of control group. Overall eating behavior were worse in diabetes group than those of control group. There was no significant difference in smoking and exercise status among groups. The ratio of drinkers was significantly higher in control group. But the amount of alcohol consumed at once was higher in the diabetes group. There was no significant difference in most nutrient intakes between males and females. The intakes of fiber, natrium (Na), vitamin A, and $\beta$-carotene were significantly higher in diabetes group than control groups while that of potassium (K) was lower in diabetes group. Diabetes group had the higher levels in triglyceride, VLDL-cholesterol, Chol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, LDL/HDL-cholesterol ratio, while they had lower HDL-cholesterol level. Overall results might imply that the elderly with diabetes have to be more careful to their meals and health-related behaviors to increase the likelihood of a healthier life.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.70-78
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• 2005

Zinc is known to have important effects on insulin activity and to increase the body fat deposition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the zinc status and obesity in 50 type 2 diabetic women visiting public health center and hospital. The mean age was 57.9 $\pm$ 6.9 years old. The mean of diabetic duration was 8.0 $\pm$ 6.5 years. Body mass index (BMI) of diabetes was $23.2 \pm 2.3 kg/m^2$. There were no significant differences of mean age, anthropometric indices, and insulin level other than fasting blood sugar (p < 0.001) and insulin resistance (p < 0.00l) between diabetes and control group. The obesity ratio of diabetes was $20\%$, $66\%$ and $84\%$ for BMI, waist circumference and waist/hip ratio (WHR), respectively. Plasma zinc level was not significantly different between diabetes and control group. However, urinary zinc excretion of diabetes was approximately twice of control group (p < 0.001). Urinary zinc loss was fivefold higher in the hyperglycemia ($HbA_{lc}> 10\%$) than in normal blood glucose (p < 0.001). Anthropometric indices were decreased in hyperglycemia. On the other hand, there were the tendency of increased urinary zinc in obese group for waist circumference and percent of body fat. These results suggested that controlled normal blood glucose could improve hyperzincuria and anthropometric changes in type 2 women diabeties.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.512-521
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• 2008

Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Sasang constitution and body composition of the two groups devided by chest PA. Method : This study was carried out on 60 students of Semyung University. The students were selected according to the aspect ratio of rt. lung from chest PA. They were divided into two groups(length group and width group) and administered QSCCII & body composition analysis. Result : The 30 students of the length group were classified as Soumin(15), Soyangin(9), and Taeumin(6). The 30 students of the width group were classified as Taeumin(20), Soyangin(9), and Soumin(1). In the width group, weight, total body water, amount of total body fat, muscles, viceral fat area(VFA), waist hip ratio(WHR), were significantly higher than in the length group. Conclusion : There were significant relationships between the shape of lung and constitution and body composition. These findings indicate that actual organ condition could be expressed in body shape.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.873-881
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• 2000

Recent research reported health risks associate with high carbohydrates diets. Objectives of this study were to evaluate in a cross-sectional study if high carbohydrate diet is associated with coronary heart disease(CHD) risk factors: examined blood concnetration of triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), plasma glucose, systolic blood pressure(BP), body mas index(BMI), wasit-hip ratio(WHR) and waist-stature ratio(WSR). Using the most recent US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(IIINHANES III) data, the nationally representative US population (3772 men, 4095 women of 25-64 years of age) was divided into low vs. high carbohydrate diet groups(below 40% vs. above 60% energy intake from cab carbohydrates) and compared by the CHD risk factors. Triglyceride was higher(p<0.001) in the high carbohydrate group, whereas high density-lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)was lower(p<0.01) in the high carbohydrate diet group. In plasma glucose, there was no significant differences between high carbohydrate diet and low carbohydrate diet. In adiposity(BMI, WHR and WSR), it also showed no significant differences, After adjustment for age, ethnicity, alcohol and smoking in upper 60%-carbohydrate diet, Odds Ratio of TG and HDL-C were 1.42 and 1.23 in men and 1.22 and 1.17 in women. 50-60% carbohydrate diet was associated with decreased risk of CHD. Dietary guidelines for Koreans recommend 60-70% of total energy from carbohydrate, as Koreans traditionally consumed high carbohydrate diets. In a cross-sectional population of adults, diets containing 55-60% energy from carbohydrate were suggested as a dietary guideline of carbohydrate intake for Koreans. (Korean J Nutrition 33(8) : 873-881, 2000)

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2003

A study was conducted to investigate the anthropometric indices, fat distribution, eating habits and levels of daily physical activity based on the body mass index (BMI ; kg/㎡) of 180 female college students. This stady was based on survey 2001 using a questionnaire. The results are as follow ; The mean age, height, weight and BMI were 20.41 ${\pm}$ 1.82 years, 161.86 ${\pm}$ 4.51cm, 53.49 ${\pm}$ 7.02kg, and 20.43 ${\pm}$ 2.65kg/㎡, respectively. The group with BMI of under 20 (the lean group) comprised 48.9% : the group with BMI of 20 to 25 (the normal group) comprised 44.4% and the group with BMI of over 25 (the obese group) comprised 6.7% of the subjects. Even though the lean and the normal groups were determined according to BMI. 12.5% of the lean group and 31.3% of the normal group had more than 25% body fat. Of the students, 11.5% of the lean group, 25.0% of the normal group and 58.3% of the obese group had of more than 0.8 waist/Hip Ratio (WHR). The medical problems suffered by the subjects were constipation (24.4%), gastroenteritis (20.6%), anemia(15.0%) and edema(13.3%), which was a result of their eating habits. Out of all the subjects, 27.2% ingested their meals irregularly, 74.4% skipped breakfast, and 92.4% of the lean group, 89.2% of the normal group and 81.8% of the obese group ingested snacks on a daily basis. Their favorite types of snacks were cookies breads and cakes (33.7%), spicy sliced rice cakes pork sausage and boiled fish cakes (18.5%), fruits (15.2%), juices and sodas (13.5%) and hamburgers and pizzas (3.9%). Their consumption of high calorie and processed foods was high, Of the subjects, 38.9% ate out daily. 45.1% had tried weight loss. Those with large upper bodies comprised 11.5%, large intermediate bodies 18.5% and large lower bodies 69.0%. Most of the students were dissatisfied with their body snaps. Of the subjects, 95.1% exercised irregularly. Daily physical activity tended to increase significantly with an increase in BMI : the lean group's average energy consumption was 1509.40㎉ the normal group's was 1792.21㎉ and the obese group's was 2334.63㎉, which were below the recommended value. This study suggests that the maintenance of an ideal weight, the improvement of eating habits and adequate exercise are needed for female college students to improve their health and nutritional status. (J Community Nutrition 5(1) 21∼28, 2003)

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.837-844
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to identify fat distribution and blood pressure according to anthropometric change patterns between NIDDM patients and control subjects. Methods: Cross-sectionally 167 NIDDM patients and 87 controls were studied. Previous maximal body weight and acute weight loss was obtained. Current height, body weight, BMI, waist-hip ratio(WHR), skinfold thicknesses(abdomen, subscapular & triceps), and blood pressure was measured. Three anthropometric change patterns were categorized by BMI changes from the maximum lifetim's BMI to the current time (obese-obese, obese-nonobese and nonobese-nonobese: obese: BMI$\geq$25kg/m$^2$, nonobese: BMI<25kg/m$^2$). The data was analyzed by $X^2$, t-test, age adjusted ANCOVA and Least Squares Means(LSM) for multiple comparison. Result: Acute body weight loss(p=0.01), anthropometric change types (p=0.001), WHR (p=0.05), and skinfold thickness (p=0.002) of NIDDM were significantly higher than those of the controls. The mean arterial pressure, WHR and skinfold thicknesses were greater in both obese-obese and obese-nonobese NIDDM and control subjects compared with both nonobese-nonobese NIDDM and control subjects. (all p's<0.05). Conclusion: NIDDM patients had more central and upper body adiposicity. Also both obese-obese and obese-nonobese NIDDM and control subjects had higher mean arterial pressures and central body obesity.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.299-311
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• 2004

Purpose: Somatotype drawing developed by Sorensen et al.(1983) has been evaluated as a simple instrument of obesity level without real somatic measuring as height and weight. This study was designed to validate somatotype drawings for obesity assessment by bioelectrical impedance body component analysis. Method: At first questionnaire of somatotype drawing was done. Subjects were measured body component by bioelectrical impedance analysis as weight, BMI(body mass index), WHR(waist-hip ratio), body water, protein mass, mineral mass, body fat mass, skeletal muscle mass, soft lean mass, fat free mass and percent body fat. We evaluated correlations between these data and somatotype drawings and tried to grouping of somatotype drawings with the means of major body component value. Result: The data were collected from 205 college women whose height and weight were $161.2\pm4.8,\;55\pm8.3$. Spearman's correlation coefficients of somatotype drawing were 0.74 with BMI, 0.68 with weight 0.69 with body fat mass, 0.65 with WHR. 0.64 with percent body fat after adiusted age. The grade of somatotype drawings were grouped as 1-2, 3-4, 5-6. 7-9 by BMI, body fat mass, weight, 1, 2-4, 5-6, 7-9 by WHR and 1-2, 3-4, 5-9 by percent body fat(ANOVA and Duncan's method). Conclusion: So quick instrument using somatotype drawings were useful tools for evaluation of obesity level and is applicable to screen degree of body fat in self-administered questionnaire survey.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.292-302
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• 2004

The nutritional status of middle-aged overweight and control normal subjects were evaluated for the purpose of providing the background information of the degenerative disease control. A survey was conducted with 293 healthy subjects (121 males and 172 females) between the ages 40-64. The average BMI (body mass index) of male subjects was 24.5 $\pm2.75$, and that of females was 23.5 $\pm2.87$. The average values of WHR (waist-hip ratio) were 0.88 $\pm0.04$, for males and 0.82 $\pm0.07$, for females. The normal BMI group (BMI 18.5-22.9) comprised 28.9% of males and 47.1% of females. The percentage of overweight subjects (BMI 23-24.9) was 26.4% of males and 30.8% of females. The obese group (BMI ＞ 25) was 44.6% of males ana 22.1% of females, showing the greater rate of obese state among male subjects. The average energy intakes were 76.6 $\pm14.9$% for males and 77.8 $\pm12.6$, % for females, protein intakes were 108.0 $\pm24.6$% for males and 111.2 $\pm22.7$, % for females of the RDA levels. The average intakes of other nutrients were above the 75% of RDA levels except calcium. The average nutrient intakes of the three subgroups according to their BMI values were not different for both males and females. There were weak correlations between obesity and blood biochemical indices. There were positive correlations between BMI or WHR and hemoglobin, hematocrit, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, AST or ALT. There were negative correlations between BMI or WHR and HDL-cholesterol. These results suggest that the obesity rate of middle-aged is an influential factor of chronic disease. The middle-aged subjects of this study with higher educational and socioeconomic background tend to have desirable nutrition knowledge and attitude, but the application of their knowledge or attitude was relatively poor.