• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.51-59
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• 2012

Zoological parks are considered to be a recreational place for family outings and most importantly the starting place of contact with animals in the modem society. Due to environmental threats and the loss of wildlife habitats, the zoos have significant roles to play in education, research and conservation in addition to the traditional role-entertainment, but research on zoos and their visitors is very limited in Korea. The present study surveyed that the zoo visitors' perceptions of the role of zoos, satisfaction, and behaviors in 6 public zoos, during which 730 zoo visitors were interviewed. The results indicated that the zoos represent an opportunity for family-based trips, enjoyment with family or friends and education that are the primary motives for visiting the zoos. The findings demonstrate that respondents considered the four main roles of zoos namely conservation, education, entertainment, and research to be important and recognize its value for conservation and environmental education. The determinants of satisfaction of zoo visitors were ease of visibility, welfare of captive animals, and the availability of information. Most respondents believed that naturalistic exhibits and animal welfare were very important. In order to reinforce the roles of the zoo in modem society, multidisciplinary efforts are needed to improve the animal welfare, replicate native habitats, and develop various education programs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.28-44
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• 1998

This study was conducted to suggest the ecological restoration strategies for the disturbed landscapes by theoretical study. Especially, it is aimed to suggest three objectives for restoration by using native plants ; (1) prevention or reduction of wind and water erosion, (2) provision of food and cover for variety of animal species, (3) improvement of the visual or aesthetic quality of disturbed sites. The main results were summarized as follows. 1. Cooperation between restoration ecologists and restoration practitioners is needed to delineate a scientific approach to restoration ; (1) Being aware of published literature that describes similar work and/or establish general principles. (2) Preparedness to carry out proper experiments to test ideas. (3) Preparedness to monitor fundamental parameters in a restoration scheme. (4) Providing information about the behavior of species. (5) Publish results. 2. There are three models of succession in theories of plant succession. The tolerance and facilitation models were recommended to ecological restoration. The inhibition model applies in most secondary succession, but the actual species which are introduced first may inhibit the germination and growth of slower-growing species, or they may prevent the growth of other species whose propagules arrive later. 3. The objectives of erosion control, wildlife habitat provision, and visual quality improvement are not mutually exclusive. However, many revegetation practices in the past have emphasized one of these aspects at the expense of the others. 4. A native plant community can be the model of ecological restoration. By stylization/abstraction of native plant community, trying to learn the most essential characteristics of community types - environmental factors ; dominant, prevalent, and "visual essence" species composition - in order to use such information in restoration. 5. After developing mass/spaces plan, match plant communities to the mass/space plan. In utilizing community grouping, there needs aesthetic ability to understand design elements. 6. Several hydrophytes such as Pennisetum saccharifluous, Themeda triandra, Cirsium pendulum show relatively good germination rates. In case of mesophytes and xerophytes, Arundinella hina, Artemisia princeps, Oenothera odorata and legumes seem to have quick-germinating abilities at barren sites. Pinus thunbergii, Rhus chinensis, Evodia daniellii, Alnus firma and Albizzia julibrissin can be considered as "late succession" woody plants because they show low germinating rates and slow growing habitat. 7. The seeds used for restoration should be collected within a certain radius of where it will be planted. Consideration in genetic issues in the collection and use of germplasm can increase the odds for successful restoration efforts. 8. The useful model in the "drift" pattern occurs so abundantly in naturally evolving landscapes. As one species diminishes in density, a second or third species are increased. Thus, dynamic interactions between species are created. Careful using of "drift phenomenon" in planting was recommended. 9. Virtually no stand of vegetation today is immune from the introduction and/or spreading of exotic species. Therefore, the perpetuation of a restored sites requires conscious monitoring and management. Thus, management would be the most important process in ecological restoration. 10. In order to keep the sites "natural", alternative management strategies would be applied in management ; Atenative management strategies are decelerating successional process, accelerating successional processes or modifying species composition. As management tools, mechanical, chemical, biological or environmental factor manipulation, e.g., fire could be used.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.87-92
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• 2010

As the Concept "how environmental friendly" becomes more and more important in road construction. However, so far there is no estimation method. Environmental friendly concept can be incorporated at the plan level in order to influence decision making, and support policies that affect environment. The overall goal of this study was to develop environmental friendly concept measures for the national highway and to develop a methodology to implement a more environmental friendly concept. The research identified 8 performance measures through a project analysis that could address environmental impact assessment system's ten strategic goals - Topography, Wildlife, hydrology, landuse, air quality, water quality, soil, waste, noise, landscape. The qualitatively and quantitatively evaluation approach was selected as the decision support framework and performance measure were investigated using the AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) and pilot corridor for a 10 section and calculate the index values. The methodology was applied to a pilot corridor comprised of a 120km section of national highway in korea. The methodology made it possible to identify the specific performance measures that need improvement to enhance the overall environmental friendly concept. It is fairly intuitive, based on readily available data, and is easy to apply. It provides a powerful tool for government to assess the relative environmental friendly conceptof their transportation corridors now and in the future. It allows for comparisons within a corridor and with other corridors and identifies the improvements needed to enhance the environmental friendly concept.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.75-87
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• 2001

Inter-port competition is fiercer than in the past because of technological evolution in transport systems : the increasing side of containerships implies only a few calls in three or four ports at each end of the trade and the rest of the traffic being served by smaller feederships. It is therefore essential for big ports to be selected as one of these calls by the main shipowners, consortia and alliances to avoid rmarginalisation. In order to compete effectively, many ports have been obliged to modernise and extend considerably its existing ports or to build new port facilities. With the advent of major environmental legislation around the world, however, amenities such as fish and wildlife, clean air and water, access to the waterfront, and view protection took on greater importance. Ports are now being forced to incorporate environmental considerations into their planning and management functions in order to avoid additional costs or timing delays. The aim of this paper is to analyse the port value by which port comparison(or selection) will be made with HFP(Hierarchical Fuzzy Process) method. This was done by extracting and grouping the evaluation factors of port value by port experts : facility and location factor, logistics service factor environment and amenity factor, city and economic factor, and human and system factor. For empirical test of this method, 6 major ports in Northeast Asia were chosen and analysed. The order of importance for five evaluation factors were 1) facility and location factor 2) logistics service factor 3) human and system factor, 4) city and economic factor, and 5) environment and amenity factor. This means that geographical location and logistics services are still being considered as the most important factor to call the port by port users. even though environment and amenity factor shows relatively low figure. Among 6 major ports, Port of Kobe was ranked the first position in a comprehensive evaluation, while Ports of Busan and Kwangyang were 4th and 5th respectively. This implies that Port of Busan should make much efforts to enhance the existing facilities as well as management system.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to describe and compare the morphological characteristics of seeds of 12 taxa of Araliaceae, and to evaluate their possible use for taxonomic considerations. For light microscope observations and measurements, the seeds were observed using Image Analyzing System. The observations were made on twenty randomly selected seeds of each species. Obtained data were statistically processed using analysis of variance. Principal Components Analysis indicated four groups of characters, the genera Aralia, Eleutherococcus, Panax and the others, which explained 65.47% of the total variation. As a results of Cluster Analysis using the eleven variables, 12 species of Araliaceae were also discriminated into four groups. Eleutherococcus senticosus and E. gracilistylus were closely related, which is well supported by the results from recent molecular studies. Also, the genera Dendropanax and Eleutherococcus were closely related in terms of seed characters.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.331-335
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• 2011

A tick survey was conducted to determine the relative abundance and distribution of ticks associated with selected mammals in the Republic of Korea (ROK) during 2008-2009. A total of 918 ticks were collected from 76 mammals (6 families, 9 species) captured at 6 provinces and 3 Metropolitan Cities in ROK. Haemaphysalis longicornis (54.4%) was the most frequently collected tick, followed by Haemaphysalis flava (28.5%), Ixodes nipponensis (7.6%), Ixodes pomerantzevi (4.8%), Ixodes persulcatus (4.6%), and Haemaphysalis japonica (0.1%). Adults (57.0%) and nymphs (28.7%) of Ixodes and Haemaphysalis spp. were collected most frequently from medium or large mammals in this survey, while few larvae (14.3%) were collected. Hydropotes inermis was the most frequently captured mammal (52.6%), with a 16.4 tick index and 5 of 6 species of ticks collected during this survey. H. longicornis (69.7%) was the predominant tick collected from H. inermis, followed by H. flava (22.2%), I. persulcatus (6.1%), I. nipponensis (1.8%), and H. japonica (0.2%).

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.423-430
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• 2009

In order to elucidate the precise phylogenetic relationships of Korean wild boar (Sus scrofa coreanus), a partial mtDNA D-loop region (1,274 bp, NC_000845 nucleotide positions 16576-1236) was sequenced among 56 Korean wild boars. In total, 25 haplotypes were identified and classified into four distinct subgroups (K1 to K4) based on Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. An extended analysis, adding 139 wild boars sampled worldwide, confirmed that Korean wild boars clearly belong to the Asian wild boar cluster. Unexpectedly, the Myanmarese/Thai wild boar population was detected on the same branch as Korean wild boar subgroups K3 and K4. A parsimonious median-joining network analysis including all Asian wild boar haplotypes again revealed four maternal lineages of Korean wild boars, which corresponded to the four Korean wild boar subgroups identified previously. In an additional analysis, we supplemented the Asian wild boar network with 34 Korean and Chinese domestic pig haplotypes. We found only one haplotype, C31, that was shared by Chinese wild, Chinese domestic and Korean domestic pigs. In contrast to our expectation that Korean wild boars contributed to the gene pool of Korean native pigs, these data clearly suggest that Korean native pigs would be introduced from China after domestication from Chinese wild boars.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.591-602
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• 2018

Clithon retropictus has been designated as an endangered wildlife Class II due to its high value as a biological indicator species capable of judging environmental quality such as salinity, water flow, and ground conditions. However, basic research on its physiological and ecological characteristics is still lacking. As such, this study intended to examine the impact of environmental conditions such as salinity and soil particle size on the size and density of Clithon retropictus at the Yeoncho river estuary. The investigation of the salinity, which is a key variable that affects the distribution of organisms in the estuary, showed that Clithon retropictus could grow at a salinity ranging from 0#x2030; (freshwater) to 25‰ (brackish water). The coarse gravel (19-75mm) tended to increase nearer the upper stream (under the Yeoncho weir), while the proportion of particles smaller than sand (less than 19mm) increased toward the downstream. The population and the size of the individuals decreased rapidly in the downstream where water stagnated near the Yeoncho weir, and the salt water joined. The results indicated that Clithon retropictus had a high tolerance to salinity, but the adaptability was weaker toward the extremes since the population, and the size tended to decrease as the salinity increased. The correlation analysis revealed that both salinity and soil particle size affected the population and individual size. The correlation between the individual size and salinity was -0.242 (P <0.01), indicating that the size decreased with increasing salinity. The correlation between individual size and coarse gravel having a particle size of 19mm or more was 0.420 (P <0.01), indicating that the size increased with increasing the particle size.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.490-502
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• 2021

This study was conducted to analyze the current status of fish fauna and characteristics of the fish community according to the habitat of Woraksan National Park, Korea. The spatially balanced sampling selected 20 stations from major streams of Woraksan National Park, and three surveys were conducted in each season. The physical environments of the habitat were mostly mountain streams (Aa), with large stones and gravels scattered over the stream. The average altitude of the habitat was 304.4 m, and the average depth of water was 40.3 cm, being less than 1 m in most cases, and the river water level was distributed from 3rd to 5th streams. The principal component analysis of the physical environmental factors by habitat showed that the substrate properties differed according to the altitude. The survey identified a total of 2,183 individuals in 16 species belonging to 7 families. The dominant species was Zacco koreanus(86.2%), and the subdominant species was Rhynchocypris oxycephalus(3.8%). Pseudopungtungia tenuicorpa, classified as the endangered wildlife II, was the first endangered legally protected species found in this survey. Analysis of the rank abundance curve model in the fish community showed the Zipf model at 9 out of 20 points, the Lognormal model in 3 points, and the Preemption model in 4 points. The remaining 4 habitats showed only one species and were not analyzed. The canonical correspondence analysis of 20 stations and fish species was performed to understand the characteristics of the fish community according to environmental factors. The fish communities were divided according to differences in habitat environment by the altitude.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.122-132
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• 2021

We reviewed the methods employed in Korean tidal flat surveys to measure the local abundance of the endangered wildlife and marine protected species, the fiddler crab, Austruca lactea. A complete census for infinite population is impossible even in a limited habitat within a tidal flat, and density estimates from samples strongly vary due to diverse biological and ecological factors. The habitat boundaries and areas shift with periodicities or rhythmic activities of organisms as well as measurement errors. Hence the local abundance calculated from density and habitat areas should be regarded as transient. This conjecture was valid based on the spatio-temporal variations of the density averages, standard error ranges, and spatial distribution of the crab, A. lactea observed for 3 years (2015-2017) in Songdo tidal flat in Incheon. We proposed the potential habitat areas using the occurrence probability of 50% from logistic regression model, reflecting the importance of habitat conservation value as an alternative to local abundance. The spatial shape of potential habitat predicted from a generalized model would remain constant over time unless the species' critical environmental conditions change rapidly. The species-specific model is expected to be used for the introduction of desired species in future habitat restoration/creation projects.